while 张菊坐/局座 is a half joking half affectionate reference to Zhang Zhaozhong, who often appears as a commentator in CCTV military programs, 图样图森破 and 常凯申 both originated from real life incidents.
图样图森破 is the pronunciation for "too young too simple" in Cantonese, which is a quote of former Chinese president Jiang Zemin. The full quote is "too young, too simple, sometimes naive". He made this comment while addressing the question from a young reporter from Hong Kong, as the question was politically biased and made him unpleasant. It went viral at the time. Though I agree with his comment and this reporter is much more mature now (she rose quickly afterwards, partly due to this incident), this did reflect the deep political divide between Mainland China and Hong Kong, which still exist today (in some sense it's more deteriorated today than that time).
常凯申 refers to Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi). This was "coined" by a professor in Tsinghua University. She got her degree in History from Russia and published some paper on pre-PRC history based on research in some Russian files. One person appeared as 常凯申 in her parer and people wondered who this was, only to find out it's really just 蒋介石 (Chiang Kai-shek) with bad translation from Russian back to Chinese. Though originally an academic embarrassment, 常凯申 now becomes a joking substitute for 蒋介石.
hope my memory servers me right
If you know these kind of background info, it's not difficult for a native speaker to guess out the meaning of these coded words. But if you were not following these events, even a native speaker would have a hard time to understand what it's talking about, and why the heck people talk in this way. They are called 典故 in Chinese.
