Yesterday, just before going to sleep I wrote a lengthy comment in response to another user but then as I was clicking "post reply" somehow the entire body of text was replaced with ";c".
I blame a Russian cyberattack!
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General remarks:
When discussing a hypothetical military action we should remember about
the spectrum of available solutions and that a full-scale invasion is the least likely option. To paraphrase Sun Tzu
"the greatest victory is to defeat your enemy's plans without drawing the sword".
Most observers view Russian buildup as proactive. My view is that it is
reactive deterrence. Continuing buildup is the raising of the stakes to make the
threat of force an effective tool
without resorting to the use of force. Russians might be
relatively less casualty averse than Americans but they were
averse to 100 dead in the 2008 war against Georgia. This aversion is where 2014 tactics came from.
This is what the situation looks to me as an external observer using game theory and reflexive management theory to interpret events and predict outcomes:
Ukraine is not an opponent but a trap. Russia needs to disable this trap without walking into it. The buildup is a show of force intended to convince the trap to malfunction.
However, I have no understanding of the internal power struggle or motivations of Russian leadership and the weakness always lies with the flawed and irrational human.
I think that so far China has used a much better strategy than Russia. Russia's internal and economic condition reflects the inability of Russian establishments to think out of their own box of covert and military operations and that this is Russia's greatest weakness in the ongoing conflict.
In my view the most effective counter to American strategy would be a (counter-intuitive) revealing your own cards when they are weaker than your opponent's. The current game is a meta-game. It is not about winning the stakes on the table but about revealing the opponent's intention about the game. America is pretending to want everyone at the table to get along and have fun. The winning move is therefore to show that it was all a set-up to grab the stakes under the pretense of fun. The only way to do it is to give America the opportunity to grab them. If Russia does this instead to deny the stakes it will be ejected from the table and America will still play for the stakes.
I think Russia might not be seeing this (counter-intuitive) play because the core of Russian establishment is composed of "
siloviks" who want to "win" or see the opponent "lose" instead of just be content with the opponent not winning. Kutuzov is never enough when you need Sun Tzu.
I want to be wrong but so far I've seen enough to suspect that the truth is somewhere inbetween. Russia knows they shouldn't do anything but the temptation might be too great.
I make no predictions. I don't know anything.
So in the meantime I will try to expand the thinking about potential solutions available to Russia and present a hypothetical scenario suggested by a Polish geopolitical scholar Leszek Sykulski.
This scenario assumes that Russia will attempt to achieve maximum effect with minimal casualties to both its own and Ukrainian side. It mirrors the operations in Crimea and Donbas in 2014. It also utilizes the amphibious ships recently transferred to the Black Sea.
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1. Crimean scenario - Russian capture of the Serpents' Island
It's a small island with just 100 people (servicemembers and families) in one settlement for the purpose of achieving legal "island" status for the purpose of claiming continental shelf and EEZ.
Capture of this island would provide Russia with a claim to territorial waters as well as EEZ that cuts off Ukraine from the rest of the Black Sea. Air defense systems placed on the island will provide similar projection into NATO airspace as in Kaliningrad.
The island could also be a staging ground for any operation in
Budjak region.
This is relevant in terms of Russia inspiring insurgency in Ukraine. It is better to inspire and sustain insurgency than to fight it as Russians demonstrated in 2014. There is no reason to expect that this logic would be abandoned now.
The main principle of starting insurgencies is forcing populations against each other through the use of provocateurs. Russia can provoke an attack against Ukrainian nationalist populations or Ukrainian institutions to cause a violent reaction which will force minorities to fight back in self defense.
2. Donbas scenario - Russian-aided secession of Budjak
This is the ethnic composition of Budjak:
Cities in Budjak:
- Bilhorod-Dnistrovskiy - 63% Ukrainian, 28% Russian( 54%speaks Russian)
- Izmail - 38% Ukrainian, 43% Russian, 10% Bulgarian ( 74% speaks Russian)
- Kilia -42% Ukrainian, 36% Russian, 15% Moldovan ( 55% speaks Russian)
- Artsyz - 26% Ukrainian, 30% Russian, 18% Bulgarian ( 66% speaks Russian)
- Bolhrad - 11% Russian,13% Ukrainian, 48% Bulgarian, 17% Gagauz ( 49% speaks Russian, 33% Bulgarian)
"According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, Budjak has a population of 617,200 people, distributed among the ethnic groups as follows: Ukrainians 248,000 (40%), Bulgarians 129,000 (21%), Russians 124,500 (20%), Moldovans 78,300 (13%) and Gagauzians 24,700 (4%). [...] Although the majority of Russians and Moldovans declared the language of their ethnicity as their mother tongue, only roughly half of Ukrainians did so, while the other half indicated Russian as their native language. The Bulgarians also tend to use Russian more than Bulgarian, especially in public. The above numbers reflect the declared ethnicity, not the native language. The most common spoken language in everyday public use in Budjak is Russian."
Note that Budjak is separated from the rest of Ukraine and Odessa oblast by two narrow areas which can be easily captured. Those areas lie at the mouth of Dniester and the entry of the inlet into the Black Sea, in the immediate proximity of Moldova and the breakaway region of Transnistria. Both Moldova and Transnistria are cut off from the sea by Ukrainian territory and any new political entity governing Budjak could offer better conditions for trade and transit.
Note the Gaugazia region inside Moldova. It is the region inhabited by the Gaugaz people who form a minority in Budjak.
The map below shows the situation and scale.
This is the railway bridge connecting both sides of the inlet in Zatoka:
The Ukrainian military has two garrisons - one in Odessa region with several units including many National Guards public security battalions and another in Budjak in Bolhrad - the 45th Air Assault Brigade which is a light mechanized force with three battalions (BTR-3), an artillery battalion (2S1 and D-30 122mm guns and BM-21) and a tank company (10x T-80).
Recently ships from Caspian, Northern and Baltic fleets have arrived in the Black Sea. In total Russia has available:
- 1 Ivan Gren-class large amphibious ship (6000t) with capacity for: 13 main battle tanks or 36 BTR, 300 troops or 1500 tons of cargo
- 3 Alligator-class large amphibious ships (5000t) with capacity for: 20main battle tanks and 440 troops or 47 BTR and 440 troops or 52 army trucks and 440 troops or 1000 tons of cargo
- 6 Ropucha-class medium amphibious ships (4000t) with capacity for: 10 main battle tanks and 340 troops or 3 main battle tanks, 3 2S9 Nona-S, 5 MT-LB, 4 army trucks and 313 troops or 20 army trucks and 150 troops or 500 tons of cargo
- 9 Serna and Ondatra-class small amphibious craft (100t) with capacity for: 1 main battle tank or 2 BTR or 92 troops or 50 tons of cargo
This should be sufficient to transport the 810th Naval Infantry brigade and units from the 7th Air Assault Division and necessary supplies to capture and secure these two crucial areas.
Again, this is not a prediction but an
example of an operation that could be performed with limited resources to achieve disproportioate effect.
I would expect Russia to think along these lines when planning kinetic operations as this matches the current doctrine and everything we've seen since 2014. But as always the flawed human is the weakest link. And that includes grumpy wizards like me.
No Russian cyber attack this time. I hope you find this speculation interesting. Take care.