The Klingons in trek have been described as Mongolian, Russian, Viking, Samurai, Orc Bikers
With that said the fear of Chinese fanaticism is just another example of status quo powers fearing the rise of a revolutionary entity, much in the same way ancien regime powers feared Jacobin France or Europeans and Americans in the 1920s feared the USSR.
Also the problem with China not being featured much as a cultural entity beyond a vague yellow peril type threat is because of lack of representation in mainstream American thinking, this despite the fact that Chinese diaspora have worked in numerous areas of American life, hell one of the main make up, monster suit and costume designers who worked on TOS was Chinese himself, his most famous creation being the Gorn design and the Romulan Bird of Prey.
Though i can see some aspects of Chinese culture existing in other cultures, such as in the Cardassians with the very strong emphasis in the family unit being the primary basis of all social and political power in Cardassian culture. Other than that, i thought the whole culture of order and service to the state to be a bit of a caricature of Soviet/Totalitarian stereotypes and i think was revealed as such as the Cardassians do have a revolution at the start of season 4 of DS9 and create a civilian government.