I will post my Quora answer to here on this question. It is a few months old and it got quite a lot of upvotes there.
Is China now reevaluating their military strategy against the West given how abysmal Russia is doing in Ukraine?
I think many of the events in Ukraine have shown China that its way was correct. China’s military procurement started differing from Russia's around 15 years ago. The national strategy was always different. Some of the key points:
1- China avoids war and security guarantees (read: alliances) if possible. Ukraine has shown again that war is risky and expensive. It must be avoided if possible. And there is only a single place that China may hit first, Taiwan.
2- The USSR’s airforce was a supporting force to the army. Russia continued that. China, starting in the early 2010s, made its airforce the center of its military. Long bombardments before land operations, and air superiority as a strategic goal have been hallmarks of the US military strategy. China adopted the same 10–15 years ago too. Looking at what happened in Ukraine, air support and aerial surveillance are indeed very important.
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The distribution of Chinese military related labs according to their primary research domain. The graph is from American publications. The focus on the airforce is very visible even at the research level.
3- Importance of UAVs and satellites for surveillance. China has been procuring a lot of these, which turned out to be another good choice. UAVs are turning out to be very useful in a conventional war too, unlike most had predicted.
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The CH-5 Rainbow… With its new engine, it has 120 hours of endurance. Perfect for observation and counter-insurgency/anti-ambush
4- Importance of securing the borders of the enemy to prevent the inflow of weapons. China has been working on this a lot too. China’s desire to be able to blockade Taiwan even despite American intervention is among the greatest reasons behind the PLAN’s rapid growth.
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All of these were acquired in just 2021. There is half a Japanese navy in firepower here. This is still like just 40% of what China acquired in the last 5 years.
5- Importance of shutting down enemy communications and lowering enemy morale… Social media was used to bolster morale for the war in Ukraine to a tremendous effect. China has been procuring a lot of psychological warfare aircraft capable of jamming civilian TV, radio, satellite and GSM signals. These aircraft are also capable of broadcasting PRC propaganda to said devices and releasing leaflets. China has been procuring carbon filament warheads to short circuit grid stations too. If China doesn’t already have them, it will definitely procure capabilities to cut underwater internet cables (which facilitate much of the international communication) fast.
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Y-8XZ. The aircraft I described
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Conductive fiber warhead for export
6- Importance of shock and awe tactics and usefulness of ballistic missiles… Both Russia and the USA used a lot of long-range missiles during their wars in the last 20 years. It benefited both of them. China currently sits on top of the second largest cruise missile and largest ballistic missile arsenal in the world. And ballistic missiles turned out to be very hard to intercept indeed. The vast majority of them are penetrating defenses in Ukraine despite the S-300's very significant anti-ballistic missile capabilities.
7- Importance of military communications, joint operations, and decentralized command. China has been big on these too. Lower level units are increasingly obtaining more capabilities and autonomy. The PLA’s organization based on domain branches (land, air, sea, etc…) was abolished and theater commands were established. Each branch had its own Office of Generals. These were merged into a single joint office with 15 specialized departments. These mean that the existence of the airforce, navy, etc… is nothing but peacetime bureaucracy now. During wartime, the entire PLA is a single branch organized around theater commands. Communications are getting investment too. Nowadays even trucks in the PLA have SATCOM terminals.
8- This one is not related to the military but is still very important in order to decrease the economic impact of the war. Developing domestic alternatives to all foreign tech… The government was a big proponent of this for a long time. The private sector was hesitant. Trump made it so much easier to convince the private sector.
9- Morale. China is in an inherently better position than Russia since it runs a fully volunteer military. Even then the PLA started investing in soldier accommodations a lot.
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PLA soldier dormitories close to the Sino-Indian border in the Himalayas.
Some things China probably did wrong:
1- Neglecting infantry… The infantry has been at the lowest end of the modernization priority for a long time. The PLA almost views it obsolete. It is being proven to be critically important in Ukraine.
2- China has been shifting its focus from amphibious forces to airborne forces in the last few years. Airborne forces being proven to be lacking in the bite in Ukraine. The PLA may re-shift its focus again.
3- Too much focus on long-range guided munitions… Almost nothing is known about China’s guided bomb inventory. There are no known large orders by the PLA despite the huge variety of such munitions displayed by the Chinese defense industry in exhibitions. Some even got exported in large numbers but we don’t know if the PLA has them in numbers. The opposite is the case for long range guided missiles. The PLA has a lot of them. If there is no proper guided bomb inventory, the PLA might have to use dumb bombs or expensive missiles. Both of these situations are not ideal.
4- Neglecting urban combat… In Ukraine, the Russian strategy to encircle cities is using a lot of manpower. Worse, there are paramilitary forces and militias in these cities who keep harassing Russian supply lines. So the avoidance of urban combat is slowing Russia outside built-up areas too. China can not bet on avoiding urban combat anymore. It has to prepare for it.
5- Straight to Taipei arguments… Those arguments weren’t very common but I guess they will cease to exist after all of this.
Ugly part: China may be getting lessons that Western commentators wouldn’t like.
1- Nuclear brinkmanship… The USA and NATO definitely have enough power to kick Russia out of Ukraine, but we all know they will never try it for the obvious reason. China is in a much better condition in the Pacific. It doesn’t border 28 relatively powerful NATO members. But the USA may still try its chance militarily against China. At least this is the impression we have. The risk of annihilation is less. Unfortunately, we are very likely to see massive growth in China’s nuclear arsenal. I mean really massive. It may be followed by an explicit declaration of how many nukes China has (China didn’t give any numbers since the 80s), then by the cancellation of no-first-use policy during a crisis.
2- Foreign public perception. It will be horrible. There are no ways around it. This may cause a change in China’s behavior. Its threshold for violence may increase a lot. If there is no further economic and political loss from using more violence then using more is usually better. This makes a shock and awe style operation more likely. Also, it seems being explicit rather than trying to downplay the war gets more respect. Russia’s “special military operation” phrase is widely getting mocked for example.
Later addition: This article was recently published by the Japanese Ministry of Defence.
It confirms my claim on the Chinese command structure. Army, Navy, and Airforce don’t really exist anymore. Instead, there are regional commands which have control over all assets in their region from the seabed to the air. This is similar to the US Unified combatant commands but it seems China unified the branches even more.