Instead for EUV the research institute / state academy approach makes perfectly sense: numbers will be forever low, EUV machines will be a limited sequence of "single units", investment will be huge, ROI non existent.
I don't see Chinese EUV machines being produced in single units.
Remember that Chinese smartphone production is still 60% of the global total.
Call it 840 million phones.
And prior to the sanctions, Huawei had already passed Apple and was on track to surpass Samsung to become the world's largest smartphone maker. We can see Huawei still have that same ambition, and in order to do so, they will need the latest semiconductors as they are more power-efficient.
So just like Apple has funded and driven TSMC's EUV efforts, we will see the same thing happen with Huawei and SMIC.
In addition, Huawei also makes AI chips, and we can see NVidia going with TSMC 4nm which is best served with EUV. The same applies to Intel and AMD who produce the latest CPUs, as Chinese companies will want to produce the latest CPUs as well. Ditto for memory as SK Hynix are starting to use EUV for some steps.
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So if we look at ASML, they currently produce 50-60 EUV machines per year.
And in terms of the global landscape, China accounts for 25-30% of semiconductor consumption. That alone would suggest 15-20 EUV machines per year in China.
Another 25-30% of semiconductors go through Chinese factories, which suggests another 15-20 EUV machines annually are up for grabs.
So a Chinese EUV machine won't be a limited sequence production run in the single digits.
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It looks like ASML is working to a 100% profit margin ie. selling them for twice what they cost.
If each EUV machine is sold for $200 Mn+, that's $7Bn+ in revenue.
And half of that is profit.
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Then contrast that with a guestimate from Asianometry that a Chinese EUV effort might cost $1 Bn annually for 10-15 years.
So a napkin calculation would have Chinese EUV development costing $10-15 Bn
Even if they only make 20 per year, that's a profit of $2 Bn annually. So that's $20 Bn over the next 10 years which makes it a profitable project.
And if they end up producing 40+ per year, you can easily see that a Chinese EUV project would be wildly profitable.
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And this is just based on today's production levels of EUV machines by ASML.
I fully expect output to be much higher in 10 years