A refuelling pod would definitely add great flexibility to the liaoning's airwing. If they cannot or choose not to take off with large loads (or perhaps sacrifice fuel weight for ordnance), they can too up from an orbiting J-15 refuelled instead.
A refuelling pod can also be used to top up returning J-15s as they wait to land, which I've read is a common USN practice.
But there's a chance that thing is merely an optical illusion or may just be a fuel pod without the refuelling capability — which would be interesting because we've never seen any flanker with standard fuel pods before
The basic Flanker airframe was already blessed with enormous internal fuel loads and outstanding range and endurance. The J15 is likely to have also had additional fuel storing measures like wet vertical stabilisers that were employed on MKKs.
It just seems unlikely that the PLAAF would bother adding drop tank capability to the J15 just to add drop tanks since they never bothered with any other Flanker variant they have been operating for the last two decades, and neither have the Russians.
In addition, without cats, the big limiting factor for J15s when it comes to range and payload is going to be MTOW possible with the ski jump, as such, adding drop tanks to the J15 seems singularly pointless.
Now, to be sure, the wet pylon for a buddy refuelling pod would also allow a J15 to hang a drop tank, and a tanker J15 may well want to hang as many drop tanks as they can take off with to maximise fuel available for other birds, so it is entirely possible some of the underwing pylons are also rigged for drop tanks, and we may even one day see J15s tank off with big tanks under their wings and a refuelling pod between the nacelles.
On top of all that, you also have to consider that with the kinds of time pressure SAC must surely be under to get the J15 certified and into production, even if the Liaoning had cats, you would really not expect SAC to be wasting time with drop tank integration at this early stage when such things could easily be left to later in the plane's development cycle and the capacity can be retrofitted to prototype and LRP examples at a later date.
Finally, having a tanker option available from the offset would give the PLANAF pilots an invaluable safety net for when they are operating out at sea, especially when the pilots are new and still learning the ropes of carrier aviation ops. Because if plans go out the window and a J15 is coming home with bingo fuel, being able to send up a tanker to top him up would make a world of difference.
Even if the J15 had enough fuel to get back to the carrier without a top up, having that little extra fuel in the tanks would take the pressure right off of the pilot as he knows he can have a few passes and it won't be a problem, whereas if he was flying on fumes, he may be too desperate to land the first time, and tries to catch the wire when he should have waved off, and that's when bad accidents can happen.
In summary, while it is possible that SAC added drop tank capability for the sake of giving the J15 drop tanks, it just seems very unlikely IMO. Far more likely is that the PLAN fully recognised the limitations the ski jump would place on J15 operations from their own research and from the Russians' operational experience with Su33s, and made buddy refuelling a high priority feature for the J15 so that the planes can utilise their full potential from the get go.