WASHINGTON: The Navy’s new
, is being reviewed by senior officials in the Office of the Secretary of Defense,
Breaking Defense has learned.
Details about the current review are hard to come by. But our regular readers may be getting déjà vu, because the predecessor program, the
recon/strike drone, was stuck in OSD review for
until it was finally scrapped and replaced by CBARS. Will this new program, announced just weeks ago with the 2017 budget, fall into the same limbo?
The issue last time, with UCLASS, was requirements. Should the Unmanned Carrier-Launched Aerial Surveillance & Strike drone be designed primarily for
surveillance —
? Or, they asked, should UCLASS be optimized for
strike —
?
In the end, after bitter debate involving OSD, the Navy, and Capitol Hill, the
went with neither. Instead, it replaced UCLASS with the less ambitious and hopefully much more affordable Carrier-Based Aerial Refueling System. CBARS is primarily a
, but the Navy says it will have surveillance and “
” capabilities. That makes it sound awfully close to the surveillance-focused version of UCLASS.
When I asked Pentagon officials to clarify what CBARS was supposed to do, I received polite demurrals. No one can comment, they said, until the OSD is finished — which is how I learned of the review. All this
suggests, though it hardly
proves, that someone in the Office of the Secretary of Defense has the same question I had: Is CBARS a UCLASS-light or something entirely different?
Room To Grow?
Getting requirements right is crucial. Two naval aviation experts I talked to agreed that, if the Navy sets up the drone tanker program properly now, it could ultimately evolve into the much-desired strike aircraft. Write the requirements with too narrow a focus on the immediate mission of aerial refueling, however, and you’ll get design trade-offs that cripple CBARS’s potential to take on other missions.
“I hope that any unmanned tanker design will have the ability to evolve into a deep strike asset,” said
, a retired Navy captain now with the
. “If we don’t close out the potential that it could evolve, then I’m satisfied.”
Evolution into a bomber is possible, he told me, if CBARS is built as a “mission tanker” that refuels strike aircraft en route to the target, rather than as a “recovery tanker” that circles the aircraft carrier waiting to top up planes after they take off or before they land. “We’ve had a recovery tanker for the last 20 years,” Hendrix said. “We haven’t had a mission tanker.”
“If it’s going to be mission tanking — which means it has to accompany the aircraft into the combat zone,” Hendrix said, “the tanker will be of necessity under threat at range, especially when you start thinking about the S-400” and other advanced missiles used in what are often called “
” defense. That requires a relatively high-performance aircraft that could then swap out some of its fuel load for bomb load, receive new avionics and stealth coatings, and act as a bomber.
“If we design this thing to be able to do Mach 0.8 and fly at 45,000 feet, then it has the ability to go along with [strike] aircraft” —
and
— “in their mission altitude and airspeed profiles,” Hendrix said. Basing CBARS on a low-performance surveillance aircraft — like the low-end ideas for UCLASS — would mean it could never do strike missions.
Making CBARS the basis of a future bomber also requires building it with clean lines — in particular, carrying all its fuel internally rather than in tanks under the wing — so it can be made stealthy without a fundamental redesign. It also requires careful design of the engine and how it radiates heat to evade infrared detection.
Traditional Air Force tankers are pretty big radar targets, based as they have been on commercial airplanes. A portion of the F-18 fleet serves as mission tankers, but they aren’t stealthy either.
All the measures that would allow CBARS to become a bomber, however, would make it less efficient or more expensive as a tanker. That’s why former Navy Undersecretary
, now at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, was less optimistic.
“Yes, in theory, a CBARS could be built that could evolve into a penetrating surveillance-strike platform,” Martinage wrote me in an email. “To do so, however, the shape of the tanker (i.e., outer mold line) and propulsion path would need to be more or less the same as the penetrator, [which] would mean sub-optimizing it for the ‘tanker’ mission. As far as I’m aware, however, this is
not what the Navy is proposing to do.”
“An air vehicle optimized for the tanking mission — which likely means high-aspect wings; wing-body tail shape; and an exposed, high-efficiency engine — cannot evolve into a stealthy penetrator,” Martinage continued. “You could certainly swap out some fuel storage for internal weapons/sensors, or even strap on some weapons externally, but the aircraft will never be ‘stealthy’ in an operationally meaningful sense.”
Yes, a carrier-based tanker is doubly useful. It frees up Super Hornets from “buddy tanking” duties and extends the range of the whole air wing. But, said Martinage, “CBARS does not address the key capability shortfall…insufficient offensive reach and survivability against modern networked IADS (
). What is urgently needed to preserve the operational and strategic relevance of the aircraft carrier is the integration of a long-range, penetrating surveillance-strike aircraft.”
Martinage would prefer a concept he calls “A-X,” a carrier aircraft designed primarily for attack missions like the old
. Design the drone for the most demanding mission, long-range strike, and you can easily modify it to create a tanker variant, he said. It would also cost less than building CBARS narrowly for tanking and then having to start a separate stealth bomber program. It might event take less time, Martinage told me: “Given the progress that has already been made on A-X relevant designs and enabling technology, a carrier-suitable tanker variant could be tested at sea and fielded before CBARS.”
The relevant prior work that Martinage refers to
could, in fact, include a classified program for a long-range, stealthy strike aircraft able to operate off carriers. No one I talked to would admit knowledge of such a thing, but one of Martinage’s CSBA colleagues,
, noted a place to get the money.
