This article (in Chinese) introduces China's carbon emission monitoring satellites, the history and the requirements on the next gen.
"China launched its first carbon emission monitoring satellite, an experimental satellite that measures CO2 concentration and chlorophyll fluorescence globally. In May 2018, the Gaofen-5 satellite was sent to orbit. Among its payload is a GMI (greenhouse gases monitoring instrument) that measures up and down of CO2 and CH4 concentration globally.
In Aprl 2022, China launched an "atmospheric environment monitoring" satellite which carries the first CO2 LIDAR in the world.
The yet launched Fengyun-3-08 satellite will carry a hyperspectral GMI that can monitor greenhouse gas concentration in higher precision and resolution at higher sampling frequencies."
中国近年来在温室气体卫星遥感探测方面也是突飞猛进。2016年12月,首颗碳卫星发射,这是中国自主研制的全球大气二氧化碳观测实验卫星,其数据在全球大气CO2浓度、叶绿素荧光监测等方面取得系列重要成果。2018年5月,高分五号卫星成功发射,搭载的温室气体监测仪GMI的主要功能是定量监测CO2和CH4的全球浓度分布变化。
同时,我国还在不断酝酿新的卫星计划。未来计划发射的风云三号08星上搭载的高光谱温室气体监测仪,通过对近红外、短波红外谱段连续高精度、高光谱分辨率、高空间分辨率和高采样率观测,实现全球大气温室气体的高精度定量反演。2022年4月发射的大气环境监测卫星是国际首颗搭载CO2探测激光雷达的卫星。
"To count carbon emission globally, individual satellites working alone is not enough. Multiple satellites must work together in a monitoring network."
"The requirements on China's next gen carbon emission monitoring satellites have been specified. The new satellites will have the abilities to monitor these greenhouse gases including CO2, CH4, CO, NO2, SIF, aerosol and N2O. The max space resolution will be at 2km x 2km globally and 0.5km x 0.5km in 'hotspots'. The time resolution will be 1 day, with a scan width of 1000km."
全球碳盘点不仅需要卫星遥感提供高时空分辨率大气CO2等观测数据,更需要通过观测系统与同化反演系统集成,提供高时空分辨率的大气CO2的溯源解析数据,如人为碳排放、生态系统碳源汇等。
尽管卫星探测能力得到了有效提高,但是任何单独一颗卫星都无法满足CO2和CH4全球探测的需求。根据科学目标将多颗卫星组成一个虚拟的卫星星座,开展多颗卫星组网观测是满足快速增长的全球业务化观测需求的有效途径。
对中国下一代碳卫星在温室气体清单校核需求目标、科学产品技术指标以及卫星组网观测能力需求方面提出了明确的要求,包括监测CO2、CH4、CO、NO2、SIF、气溶胶和N2O七种要素,并能达到较高精度;针对不同尺度设计了传感器相应的空间分辨率,在全球和热点区域分别对应2公里×2公里,0.5公里×0.5公里的空间分辨率,并且具有1天的时间分辨率,幅宽达1000公里,以满足观测需求。