I have the impression that meritocracy is the biggest reason for what you described (leapfrogging developed countries despite corruption). After all, due to the ancient Chinese culture of meritocracy, they select the most capable people for governing on every level.
Often extensively, and carefully tested by their superior before getting promotions every step of the way for many decades, only the highest intelligent and fitting people in society, make it as officials there. The capability to easily become a STEM postgraduate (doesn't matter if they get it or not, they at least have this level of potential in them) is something of a baseline required, very high IQs indeed.
So, even if those capable and accomplished, meritocratically-elected officials receive corruption, they at least produce enough results for the society as a whole to offset that by a large amount. They produce way more than what they take from society with their results.
Let's say one provincial-level official in China saw the increase of GDP during his tenure by 50 or 100 billion $, then the fact that he received a few hundred million in corruption doesn't matter much. I would even say that they deserved it at this point, after all, if some manager in the private sector produced such results, he would also get tremendous bonuses. It needs to happen to keep him motivated.
Unlike in the West where you have simply the law of governing where the least capable and most stupid people run the country. So it doesn't matter if they are not corrupt to that extent when they do more damage to the country simply due to how incapable they are.