Very interessant, mate, thanks !The Yak-44's final design configuration had the aircraft equipped with Progress D-27 engines nominally rated at ~10,000kW each compared to ~4000kW each for the T56 engines on E-2C Hawkeye (and similar given for the WJ-6 engines on KJ-600). Yak-44 having such powerful engines only makes sense if it was indeed intended to operate without the assistance of a catapult.