Zhejiang University team's latest "Science": Piezoelectric effect of half-Heusler narrowband semiconductor materials
Professor Zhu Tiejun's team from the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Zhejiang University observed the piezoelectric effect of three half-Heusler narrow-bandgap semiconductor materials, TiNiSn, ZrNiSn, and TiCoSb, for the first time, and prepared a prototype piezoelectric device based on TiCoSb-[111] cut wafers. The device exhibited a stable piezoelectric response and achieved capacitor charging. At the same time, the piezoelectric response of the half-Heusler material remained stable from room temperature to 1173K. These results show that half-Heusler narrow-bandgap semiconductor materials have potential application prospects in the field of piezoelectricity. The relevant research results were published online in the international academic journal Science on March 14, 2025 under the title "Piezoelectricity in half-Heusler narrow-bandgap semiconductors". The research was funded by Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation and others.
Piezoelectric transduction technology can realize the direct conversion between mechanical energy and electrical energy, and is widely used in sensing, acoustics, imaging, driving, and energy harvesting. In the past, the research on piezoelectric materials was mainly focused on ceramics or single crystal materials with wide bandgap ( Eg > 2.0 eV) and low conductivity. In contrast, narrow bandgap ( Eg < 1.0 eV) semiconductor materials usually have higher conductivity, which is not conducive to the effective charge accumulation to form a stable voltage response. Therefore ,
there are few experimental studies on the piezoelectric effect of narrow bandgap semiconductor materials.
Half-Heusler materials are a material system with many family members and rich electronic structures. They have received extensive attention in the fields of thermoelectrics, magnetism, topological insulators, spin electronics, etc. In 2012, David Vanderbilt, a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and others predicted through theoretical calculations that half-Heusler systems have piezoelectric effects. However, due to their narrow bandgap characteristics and the existence of intrinsic defects, the room temperature conductivity of half-Heusler materials is more than ten orders of magnitude higher than that of traditional piezoelectric ceramics, which makes direct observation of their piezoelectric response face huge experimental challenges.
So far, there have been no experimental reports on the piezoelectric effect of half-Heusler narrowband semiconductor materials in the world.
Aiming at this field, in order to determine the piezoelectric coefficient, Professor Zhu Tiejun's team
first prepared [111]-cut wafers of TiNiSn, ZrNiSn and TiCoSb half-Heusler single crystals (Figure 1). The vertical piezoelectric strain constant of the [111]-cut wafer was obtained by the quasi-static piezoelectric constant test method (Figure 1), and then based on the relationship between the shear piezoelectric strain coefficient d 14 and the 3 1/2 multiple of the vertical piezoelectric strain constant of the [111]-cut wafer, the shear piezoelectric strain coefficient d 14 of TiNiSn, ZrNiSn and TiCoSb was experimentally determined for the first time to be approximately 8 pC/N, 38 pC/N and 33 pC/N, respectively. Among them, the shear piezoelectric coefficients of ZrNiSn and TiCoSb single crystals are relatively high values among non-centrosymmetric, non-polar piezoelectric materials, higher than wide bandgap piezoelectric materials such as SiO 2 and GaSb.
The team developed a piezoelectric device based on TiCoSb-[111] cut wafers,
which exhibited a stable voltage response under different force magnitudes and durations and was able to continuously charge the capacitor (Figure 2). In addition, the team found that the half-Heusler material exhibited good thermal stability in the range of room temperature to 1173K, and its piezoelectric response also remained stable in this temperature range.
The above results show that
half-Heusler narrowband semiconductor materials have potential application prospects in the field of piezoelectricity. The discovery of the piezoelectric effect of narrowband semiconductors provides new ideas for the design of new piezoelectric materials. In addition, narrowband semiconductors usually have more significant photoelectric, thermoelectric and other effects, which also
provides new possibilities for the development of electronic devices with synergistic multifunctional effects such as piezoelectric-photoelectric and piezoelectric-thermoelectric.
Professor Zhu Tiejun, Researcher Fu Chenguang and Associate Professor Huang Yuhui from the School of Materials Science and Engineering of Zhejiang University are the co-corresponding authors of the paper, postdoctoral fellow Huang Yi is the first author of the paper, doctoral students Lv Fu and Han Xu are the co-first authors, Zhejiang University is the first corresponding unit of the paper, and the collaborators of this work include Professor Li Fei from Xi'an Jiaotong University and Professor Wu Di from Nanjing University.