Chinese Engine Development

Zerozen

New Member
Also , do you really think PLAAF uses fuel with different chemical composition for AL-31 and WS-10 ? :D

LOL no, it should be Kerosene/naphta Jet B or JP-8 fuel for low cost and with the requirements for less flammable, very low freezing point and high temperature or flash point. Any added chemicals are for required specification.

I believe there are 32 refineries in China and some will refine their version of RP-3 fuel for commonality. The RP-4 or JP-5 is a naval grade.
 

vesicles

Colonel
I never said that fuel does not contain metal atoms(ions) . I said there are not enough of them to paint flame .

To put in simple terms , lets say metals have 5000 ppm (and that is very optimistic assumption ) in jet fuel . 5000 atoms emit at frequency f1 , but other 995 000 fuel molecules emit at frequency f2 . What do you think which would paint the flame ? :D

Also , do you really think PLAAF uses fuel with different chemical composition for AL-31 and WS-10 ? :D

As I have mentioned, the emission intensity of these metal atoms in flame is high enough to be detected by naked eye at a level of a few ppm. that is the basic working principle behind atomic spectroscopy, which also has a flame burning using fuels whose vast majority constituents are hydrocarbons.

You are doing wishful thinking now. You have no factual evidence for why emission of metal atoms in flame cannot be detected and are simply guessing. "oh, this might not work... Why? because it doesn't sound right...?" Where did you come up with 5000ppm? Any factual evidence or simply guessing again? I have given you theory and practice side of my view, actual numbers and actual data. Have you given me any evidence to support your view? Please don't simply tell me "it's just not enough to change the color". Show me evidence. What do you think is the limit of detection for metal emission in flame?

And I am not claiming PLAAF is using a completely different fuel. They might have added a different set of additives in their fuel based on their engines and other special conditions they have. For instance, they might need to add more/less MDA because the copper pipes they used to transport fuel is more/less prone to oxidation. These differences might lead to changes in composition of the fuel and change the color of the flame in the AB. again, a few ppm of metal atoms in a flame can generate enough emission to be detected by naked eye even with a background of the burning flame.
 

thunderchief

Senior Member
As I have mentioned, the emission intensity of these metal atoms in flame is high enough to be detected by naked eye at a level of a few ppm. that is the basic working principle behind atomic spectroscopy, which also has a flame burning using fuels whose vast majority constituents are hydrocarbons.

You forgot just one tiny detail , in spectroscopy you don't have thousands of other molecules emitting light at the same time at different frequency ;) . Also , in spectroscopy you use spectrometers and such , which could separate light to different frequency bands - not naked eye which receives whole visible spectrum at the same time .


You have no factual evidence for why emission of metal atoms in flame cannot be detected and are simply guessing.

I didn't say it could not be detected (with spectroscope , spectrometer etc ... ) , I said it would not influence color of A/B visible to human eye .

Where did you come up with 5000ppm?

Link you gave mentions order of value in hundreds of ppm . I took 5000 to be on the safe side . If you want , propose different value .


And I am not claiming PLAAF is using a completely different fuel. They might have added a different set of additives in their fuel based on their engines and other special conditions they have. For instance, they might need to add more/less MDA because the copper pipes they used to transport fuel is more/less prone to oxidation. These differences might lead to changes in composition of the fuel and change the color of the flame in the AB. again, a few ppm of metal atoms in a flame can generate enough emission to be detected by naked eye even with a background of the burning flame.

These are basically two different types of fuel for technicians on the ground . Fuel A for our J-11s with AL-31 , fuel B for our J-11s with WS-10 . Fuel A for our J-10s with AL-31 , fuel B for our J-10s with WS-10 .

As for your other assumption , get a bucket of bright orange paint , add few drops of blue paint , mix it and then see is there a significant color change ;)
 

vesicles

Colonel
You forgot just one tiny detail , in spectroscopy you don't have thousands of other molecules emitting light at the same time at different frequency ;) . Also , in spectroscopy you use spectrometers and such , which could separate light to different frequency bands - not naked eye which receives whole visible spectrum at the same time .




I didn't say it could not be detected (with spectroscope , spectrometer etc ... ) , I said it would not influence color of A/B visible to human eye .



Link you gave mentions order of value in hundreds of ppm . I took 5000 to be on the safe side . If you want , propose different value .




These are basically two different types of fuel for technicians on the ground . Fuel A for our J-11s with AL-31 , fuel B for our J-11s with WS-10 . Fuel A for our J-10s with AL-31 , fuel B for our J-10s with WS-10 .

As for your other assumption , get a bucket of bright orange paint , add few drops of blue paint , mix it and then see is there a significant color change ;)

5000ppm is equivalent to ~100mM. That is high concentration. Again, with the normal luminous flame we get from a Bensen burner as the background, we can see different colors (with naked eyes) coming out of the flame generated by metal ions in solutions at much much lower concentration than that.

Your example of paint does not fit here since both orange and blue paints reflects electromagnetic wave. We can see the paint because the material reflects light at a specific wavelength. Flame color is dependent upon the material emitting its own light, so to speak. Metal atoms emitting light in a flame is caused by electron spinning and rotating while hydrocarbon burning, which releases energy from an oxidation reaction. Two completely different processes that emits energy at two completely different levels, which means the light emitted by them would be at two different intensity levels. A similar comparison would be that a TNT bomb explodes to generate certain level of energy, but an atomic bomb can generate the same level of energy with much much less material. The explosion is the same, but it is done by two completely different processes, thus different levels of energy. The same is also true here in flame colors. Yes, there is a lot more hydrocarbon in the jet fuel. However, burning is highly inefficient chemical process while most of the energy is released in the form of heat, not light. On the other hand, light is the ONLY form of energy generated from electrons relaxing from spinning and rotation at an excited state, thus, highly efficient process in terms of light-emitting. So you cannot simply assume that the color of the flame itself will mask the color the metal atoms emission, just like you cannot assume an explosion from a whole bunch of TNT will over-shadow an explosion from a tiny bit of nuclear fission of uranium 238.
 

thunderchief

Senior Member
Your example of paint does not fit here since both orange and blue paints reflects electromagnetic wave. We can see the paint because the material reflects light at a specific wavelength. Flame color is dependent upon the material emitting its own light, so to speak. Metal atoms emitting light in a flame is caused by electron spinning and rotating while hydrocarbon burning, which releases energy from an oxidation reaction. Two completely different processes that emits energy at two completely different levels, which means the light emitted by them would be at two different intensity levels. A similar comparison would be that a TNT bomb explodes to generate certain level of energy, but an atomic bomb can generate the same level of energy with much much less material. The explosion is the same, but it is done by two completely different processes, thus different levels of energy. The same is also true here in flame colors. Yes, there is a lot more hydrocarbon in the jet fuel. However, burning is highly inefficient chemical process while most of the energy is released in the form of heat, not light. On the other hand, light is the ONLY form of energy generated from electrons relaxing from spinning and rotation at an excited state, thus, highly efficient process in terms of light-emitting. So you cannot simply assume that the color of the flame itself will mask the color the metal atoms emission, just like you cannot assume an explosion from a whole bunch of TNT will over-shadow an explosion from a tiny bit of nuclear fission of uranium 238.


Seems to me you don not understand that burning (oxidation) of fuel releases much more energy then electron excitation and relaxation . In fact burning fuel gives energy to electrons with which they move to higher level , and later release photons and move to lower level . Electron excitation has nothing do with nuclear reactions (they are in nucleus of atom as name says) .
 

Quickie

Colonel
I assume you know who you are arguing with. ;)

What Vesicles meant was that burning of fuel may release much more energy than the excitation of the metal ions, but these energy are mostly in the form of heat and not EM wave or photons or visible light.
 

vesicles

Colonel
Seems to me you don not understand that burning (oxidation) of fuel releases much more energy then electron excitation and relaxation . In fact burning fuel gives energy to electrons with which they move to higher level , and later release photons and move to lower level . Electron excitation has nothing do with nuclear reactions (they are in nucleus of atom as name says) .

Oh believe me when I say I DO understand oxidation... And you simply rehashed what I described on atomic spectroscopy. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that allows electrons to jump orbits, according to the theory of molecular orbital hybridization. In this case, atoms share electrons and form bonds. Heat is the main product of oxidation. hence, we use thermodynamics to describe this type of interactions. One of the main ways to measure oxidation is calorimetry, which measures heat absorbed or released from an oxidation/reduction reaction. No spectroscopic technique has been used because light emission is miniscule in burning. Light, or thermal radiation, is only a side product as most of the energy gathered in oxidation or burning has been released in the form of heat. As electron excitation and emission is done at the same wavelength, the photon release is the only form of energy release. Hence, the intensity is much higher and efficiency is almost 100% assuming no electron has escaped the main relaxation route and gives out fluorescence and luminescence. And this IS the case with metal atoms because an event called electron conjugation will have to happen in order for an electron to give out fluorescence/luminescence. This is why fluorescent molecules are almost always complex aromatic molecules with conjugated structures. And metal atoms don't have any conjugated intermediates, thus all of their energy will be emitted as photons. Note that I was trying to convince you that your paint analogy does not work because we are comparing two different forms of energy. And burning does NOT excite electrons!!! Electrons can only be excited by electromagnetic wave at a specific wavelength.

And my example of nuclear fission was also intended to illustrate that you cannot compare apple vs. orange. It was not supposed to be linked in any way to our argument on electron excitation. I was merely trying to show that both TNT and atomic bomb give explosion, just like both burning fuel and exciting electrons emit light. They look similar in outcome but have completely different mechanisms. Just like you cannot compare TNT and atomic bomb quantitatively and conclude that a boatload of TNT will overshadow a tiny bit of atomic bomb (as you are doing using the paint analogy), you cannot compare light released by burning vs. light emitted by exciting electrons.

Another good example would be comparing stovetop cooking vs. microwave cooking. Pure heat vs. water molecules. According to your thinking, violent heat from burning on a stove top should have so much more energy than rotating/vibrating a few water molecules in a piece of meat. However, the fact is microwave, i.e. rotating/vibrating water molecules, packs so much heat that it cooks food so much more efficient than burning coals/fuel. And this is only water molecules rotating along their axis and O-H bond vibration. It cannot even compare to the kind of energy associated with spinning electrons. Microwave is only water molecules getting rotated and O-H bond vibrating at a much faster speed by electromagnetic waves with wavelength > 1 mm, hence the term microwave. Microwave is much much weaker than the kind of energy for exciting/spinning an electron, which is typically below < 600 nm.
 
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thunderchief

Senior Member
Heat is the main product of oxidation.

Do you understand what heat is ? Do you understand how energy from oxidation (fuel burning) excites electrons in your metal atom ? Again read this article :
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. You need to understand that in gaseous form radiation is the main mode of transferring heat . There is very little chance your electron in metal atom would get energy from direct kinetic contact , because burning aircraft fuel is dispersed .


Light, or thermal radiation, is only a side product as most of the energy gathered in oxidation or burning has been released in the form of heat.

No ! When you have burning gas , heat (kinetic energy of atoms or molecules ) cannot be transferred to other gaseous molecules or atoms buy conduction or convection - because probability of collision between molecules is relatively low .

That is why it is very difficult to heat or cool gas with other gas - you need to use solid object or fluid .


Just like you cannot compare TNT and atomic bomb quantitatively and conclude that a boatload of TNT will overshadow a tiny bit of atomic bomb (as you are doing using the paint analogy), you cannot compare light released by burning vs. light emitted by exciting electrons.

Again wrong analogy . Atomic bomb produces energy by itself . On the other hand electron excitation needs energy from other sources . What is that other source ? Burning fuel (i.e. oxidation) . How does that energy comes to electron ? Mostly by radiation , since metal atoms don"t have physical contact with hydro-carbon molecules .


According to your thinking, violent heat from burning on a stove top should have so much more energy than rotating/vibrating a few water molecules in a piece of meat.

Well , if you have a stove that is 10 000 times bigger then your microwave , what do you think who has more energy ? ;)
 

vesicles

Colonel
Do you understand what heat is ? Do you understand how energy from oxidation (fuel burning) excites electrons in your metal atom ? Again read this article :
Please, Log in or Register to view URLs content!
. You need to understand that in gaseous form radiation is the main mode of transferring heat . There is very little chance your electron in metal atom would get energy from direct kinetic contact , because burning aircraft fuel is dispersed .

Yes, I do understand heat. I spent 4 years of college studying chemistry and 5 and half years in grad school studying and teaching thermodynamics. So yeah, I do understand heat, more than you can imagine.

So you agree that metal atom in a fuel CAN be excited to emit photons? Isn't this what you have been against? Isn't it your whole point that color from the a flame comes from hydrocarbon burning, but not from metal atoms being excited? Now you are shouting out that metal atoms can be excited!

OK, about thermal radiation. The relationship governing the thermal radiation vs. overall combustion heat release in a flame is: D = [(Qad/Qo)]*[(aVaT)/(Qo)], where D is the fraction of heat released from a flame in the form of radiation, Qad is the energy of radiation, Qo is the total energy of heat in a flame, V is flame volume and and T is flame temp, etc. etc. etc... If you carry out the calculation, you will find that D is only related to the overall heat by the 1/24 power. This means that the irradiative fraction is insensitive to the overall combustion heat release. Thus, any color change observed in a flame cannot be caused by thermal radiation.

And I have NEVER mentioned anything about electrons absorbing energy from kinetic contact. Kinetic energy has absolutely nothing to do with exciting valence electrons in a way we have been talking about.

No ! When you have burning gas , heat (kinetic energy of atoms or molecules ) cannot be transferred to other gaseous molecules or atoms buy conduction or convection - because probability of collision between molecules is relatively low .

That is why it is very difficult to heat or cool gas with other gas - you need to use solid object or fluid .

You are talking about ideal gas here. It does not exist in the real world. And by suggesting thermal radiation is the main way of heat conducting in an AB, are you saying that most of energy from the burning of fuels in the AB has been released in the form of thermal radiation? IF so, are you implying that the purpose of an AB is to generate beautiful flames? And in an AB, most of the energy generated from burning fuel has been converted to kinetic energy. For crying out loud, that is what the AB is for. People did not put an AB on a plane to watch for the beautiful flames. The AB is designed to convert the combustion energy from burning fuel to kinetic energy to push the plane forward and most of the the heat has been converted to that purpose.

Again wrong analogy . Atomic bomb produces energy by itself . On the other hand electron excitation needs energy from other sources . What is that other source ? Burning fuel (i.e. oxidation) . How does that energy comes to electron ? Mostly by radiation , since metal atoms don"t have physical contact with hydro-carbon molecules .

Uh.. atomic bomb does not generate energy by itself. Nothing does. Ever heard of conservation of energy? Nothing can generate energy... It has to come from somewhere, even for atomic bombs. You still need an energy input.

Again, burning flame does not give metal atoms energy and does not excite electrons. What the flame/heat does is to turn metal ions into their atomic form. Most of the metal atoms absorb/emit electromagnetic wave within the visible range. This means once these atoms become gaseous, their valence electrons absorb visible light and get excited.

Let's step back and assume you are correct (which you are not) and assume that metal atoms absorb energy from the flame. That does not contradict my theory at all. My argument has always been: valence electrons within metal atoms get excited and emit light at the visible range and that could be potentially why we see different colored flames in an AB. Who cares where the energy input comes from. As long as these metal atoms emit light and can influence the color of the flame, my theory stands. And you seem to agree with me that metal atoms can emit light after being excited. So you should agree with me on my theory. And lastly, please let me set this straight. Excitation of valence electrons in metal atoms has nothing to do with burning fuel. The burning fuel only turns metal ions into their gaseous atomic forms, which allows electromagnetic wave absorption to become easier.

You seem to want to fight me on the importance of the burning fuel. Your initial position was that most of the flame color should come from burning of the fuel. It seems that I have convinced you that metal atoms do emit light and do influence flame color. Now you try to argue with me that the energy absorbed by the metal atoms comes from the fuel. No matter where the energy input comes from, the end result is electrons within metal atoms get excited and emit light. This has been my point all this time. And you seem to finally agree to that. Yet, you still want to yell at me and to prove me wrong...

Well , if you have a stove that is 10 000 times bigger then your microwave , what do you think who has more energy ? ;)

Well, if I have 10,000 butane burners and one mega microwave, I will bet on the microwave! And if I have a huge stove that people use to generate steam for steam engines and 10,000 little pathetic tabletop microwaves, it would be the stove. I hope you see the point that I am trying to get across here. The actual numerical does not matter. The point that I have been trying desperately to show you is that you cannot compare the two types of energy. They work based on completely different mechanisms and different principles, thus cannot be compared quantitatively.
 
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