News on China's scientific and technological development.

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The story of Thorium is far too interesting to ignore or not give attention to, as it could solve much of China's energy problems along with bring about the next jump in nuclear power generation.

China Takes Lead in Race for Clean Nuclear Power
By Richard Martin February 1, 2011 | 5:44 pm | Categories: Energy


China has officially announced it will launch a program to develop a thorium-fueled molten-salt nuclear reactor, taking a crucial step towards shifting to nuclear power as a primary energy source.

The project was unveiled at the annual Chinese Academy of Sciences conference in Shanghai last week, and reported in the Wen Hui Bao newspaper (Google English translation here).

If the reactor works as planned, China may fulfill a long-delayed dream of clean nuclear energy. The United States could conceivably become dependent on China for next-generation nuclear technology. At the least, the United States could fall dramatically behind in developing green energy.

“President Obama talked about a Sputnik-type call to action in his SOTU address,” wrote Charles Hart, a a retired semiconductor researcher and frequent commenter on the Energy From Thorium discussion forum. “I think this qualifies.”


While nearly all current nuclear reactors run on uranium, the radioactive element thorium is recognized as a safer, cleaner and more abundant alternative fuel. Thorium is particularly well-suited for use in molten-salt reactors, or MSRs. Nuclear reactions take place inside a fluid core rather than solid fuel rods, and there’s no risk of meltdown.

In addition to their safety, MSRs can consume various nuclear-fuel types, including existing stocks of nuclear waste. Their byproducts are unsuitable for making weapons of any type. They can also operate as breeders, producing more fuel than they consume.

In the 1960s and 70s, the United States carried out extensive research on thorium and MSRs at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. That work was abandoned — partly, believe many, because uranium reactors generated bomb-grade plutonium as a byproduct. Today, with nuclear weapons less in demand and cheap oil’s twilight approaching, several countries — including India, France and Norway — are pursuing thorium-based nuclear-fuel cycles. (The grassroots movement to promote an American thorium power supply was covered in this December 2009 Wired magazine feature.)

China’s new program is the largest national thorium-MSR initiative to date. The People’s Republic had already announced plans to build dozens of new nuclear reactors over the next 20 years, increasing its nuclear power supply 20-fold and weaning itself off coal, of which it’s now one of the world’s largest consumers. Designing a thorium-based molten-salt reactor could place China at the forefront of the race to build environmentally safe, cost-effective and politically palatable reactors.

“We need a better stove that can burn more fuel,” Xu Hongjie, a lead researcher at the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, told Wen Hui Bao.

China’s program is headed by Jiang Mianheng, son of the former Chinese president Jiang Zemin. A vice president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the younger Jiang holds a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Drexel University. A Chinese delegation headed by Jiang revealed the thorium plans to Oak Ridge scientists during a visit to the national lab last fall.

The official announcement comes as the Obama administration has committed itself to funding R&D for next-generation nuclear technology. The president specifically mentioned Oak Ridge National Laboratory in his State of the Union address Jan. 25, but no government-funded program currently exists to develop thorium as an alternative nuclear fuel.

A Chinese thorium-based nuclear power supply is seen by many nuclear advocates and analysts as a threat to U.S. economic competitiveness. During a presentation at Oak Ridge on Jan. 31, Jim Kennedy, CEO of St. Louis–based Wings Enterprises (which is trying to win approval to start a mine for rare earths and thorium at Pea Ridge, Missouri) portrayed the Chinese thorium development as potentially crippling.

“If we miss the boat on this, how can we possibly compete in the world economy?” Kennedy asked. “What else do we have left to export?”

According to thorium advocates, the United States could find itself 20 years from now importing technology originally developed nearly four decades ago at one of America’s premier national R&D facilities. The alarmist version of China’s next-gen nuclear strategy come down to this: If you like foreign-oil dependency, you’re going to love foreign-nuclear dependency.

“When I heard this, I thought, ‘Oboy, now it’s happened,’” said Kirk Sorensen, chief nuclear technologist at Teledyne Brown Engineering and creator of the Energy From Thorium blog. “Maybe this will get some people’s attention in Washington.”

While the international “Generation IV” nuclear R&D initiative includes a working group on thorium MSRs, China has made clear its intention to go it alone. The Chinese Academy of Sciences announcement explicitly states that the PRC plans to develop and control intellectual property around thorium for its own benefit.

“This will enable China to firmly grasp the lifeline of energy in its own hands,” stated the Wen Hui Bao report.

Image: Nuclear cooling towers in Byron, Illinois (Doug Bowman/Flickr)
 

Schumacher

Senior Member
A couple of recent China rail deals with Malaysia & Aust.

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PORT KLANG: Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTM) has received the first batch of six electric train coaches from the Transport Ministry.

Its minister Datuk Seri Kong Cho Ha said the Six-Car-Set (SCS) manufactured by China's Zhu Zhou Electric Locomotives Co Ltd were shipped from Shanghai Port on Sept 13 and reached Westport at 2am yesterday.

“Unloading work began from 8am and was completed at 5pm,” said Kong, who was at the presentation ceremony at Wharf 3, Westport in Port Klang.

He said the coaches were part of the 38 new sets for the KTM Komuter service which are being financed via allocations from the Federal Government under the sixth initiative of the National Key Results Area programme.

“Under this initiative, RM1.894bil has been spent to buy the 38 sets which will help improve the quality of the KTM Komuter service,” Kong said......................................

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CSR Ziyang rolls out Australian diesel locomotive
04 August 2011
CSR Ziyang rolls out the first Chinese-built diesel locomotive for Australian operator SCT Logistics.

AUSTRALIA: The first of 10 diesel locomotives ordered by SCT Logistics was rolled out at the CSR Ziyang Locomotive plant in China on July 22.

The locomotives are scheduled for delivery by the end of December, with the manufacturer saying this will be the first time a Chinese firm has exported diesel locomotives with AC traction and based on 'independent intellectual property' to a developed country.

CSR said it has implemented a strict quality assurance system comparable with European and American standards in order to meet the 'extremely high' requirements of the Australian market, including Stage IIIA emissions standards.

SCT signed a 100m yuan order for six locomotives for use on east-west transcontinental services on September 1 2010, and followed this with an order for an additional four in March.
 

AssassinsMace

Lieutenant General
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Paralyzed Man Walks Again

by Michael Easter October 5, 2011, 05:00 am EDT

Mr. Kentucky is 11,300 miles away from home, lying in a hospital bed, and his right side is paralyzed. His massive, chiseled muscles—the ones that won Devin Dearth the state bodybuilding title—aren’t their former size, but he still bulges at the seams. Nurses at the Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tianjin, China, surround him and then part as his new doctor enters the room. The doctor, taller than everyone else, struts to the side of the bed and sticks his hand out for Devin to shake. Try as he can, Mr. Kentucky just can’t move his right hand.

Then the doctor begins to insert needles into Devin. Acupuncture to stimulate his paralyzed nerves, yes, but of a different sort: these needles are wider than any you’d find in the United States. More effective, says the doctor. He places them everywhere into Devin: his legs, arms, head, tongue, eyelids; nothing is left unpunctured. The needles will remain in him for 20 minutes, but in the meantime, the doctor asks Devin to move the frozen extremities on his right side.

It starts with his leg. The same leg that had squatted millions of pounds over the course of his 40-years lay flat and trembling. But then Devin slowly lifts it off of the bed. He hasn’t moved like that for months. And then his right arm, the one that had failed him just 15-minutes before, moves.

A Brain Bleed Changes Everything
Three years ago Devin was the Mr. Kentucky. A champion body builder. Arguably the hardest working person in the Blue Grass State. He hit the gym at 4 o’clock in the morning, every morning, then spent 8 hours a day working his six-figure job, afterward returning home to be with his wife and three children.

But one day while lifting weights—pop!—it all changed. His brain stem—the area that acts as the on and off ramp for all of the nerves in the human brain—bled; a rare occurrence with serious consequence. A small leak, really. But when that area of your brain springs event he smallest leak, 95% of the time it kills you. Devin Dearth isn’t a 95 percenter.

After weeks in the intensive care unit at a hospital in Kentucky and 3 months of in-hospital therapy, Devin was sent home with a paralyzed right side, wheelchair bound, drooling, and unable to walk or communicate effectively. His insurance had run out, and his family was struggling to pay for the at-home therapy that he required.

Devin’s mind was there, but his body was a prison. He wasn’t improving with the at-home therapy, and he seemed relegated to a paralyzed, cut-off existence for the rest of his life. Until his brother, a filmmaker and bodybuilder, stumbled upon the story of a woman who had also suffered from a brain bleed, and had then gone to China to undergo a 3-month regimen of traditional Chinese medicine and physical therapy. It worked for her, and it was also 1/5th of the cost of just one month of his at-home therapy.

With Progress Stalled, Devin Looks Overseas for Treatment
When his brother brought up the treatment, Devin’s family members were skeptical—China? Seriously, China? But for Devin, China was an escape—an opportunity where none existed.

Every day the Chinese doctors and nurses put Devin through a brutal regimen of healing. They’d load him head to toe with needles. Afterward they’d place fire-cups—an ancient procedure that is said to increase blood flow and promote healing—all over him. Then they’d give him physical therapy that wasn’t so different from the kind he’d receive at home. And all the while, Devin undertook his rehabilitation like he took on everything else: he did it to the best of his ability, better than anyone had seen before.

9,000 needles and 12 weeks later, Devin left China. Where he’d rolled into the hospital in a wheelchair, more or less incapacitated, he walked boldly out with the help of his brother. He’d made immense gains during his time: his right side was no longer totally paralyzed, and he was able to speak in understandable, full sentences. He was on the right track.

Today: Optimistic, Back at the Gym, and Dedicated as Ever
And he still is. Three years since he left China, Devin still speaks in a slurred tone, and he still needs help to walk. But he can walk, and he can speak, and his cheerful, optimistic personality is back—a feat that wouldn’t have occurred had he not dedicated himself so fully to his recovery.

Devin is featured in the documentary 9,000 Needles, which will be released this October.
 

broadsword

Brigadier
A Bodybuilder's Recovery

Paralyzed Man Walks Again

I'm pleased that not one word of "military" is used in the whole article, which is not normally the case in reporting on mundane visits to China.

Awards 9000 Needles won:
-------------------------------
Dove Foundation Five Doves family friendly review

Temecula Valley International Film Festival '10
Winner: Best Documentary

Phoenix Film Festival '10
Winner: Best Documentary
Winner: Audience Award

DocuWest Film Festival '10
Winner: Best Feature Length Documentary

Louisville International Festival of Film '09
1st runner-up: Audience Award

Mammoth Film Festival '09
1st Runner-Up: Best Documentary

Cleveland International Film Festival '10
1st runner-up: Audience Award
 
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Martian

Senior Member
Chinese moon probe is tackling new deep space mission

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"Chinese moon probe is tackling new deep space mission
Parked at Lagrangian point, it will study the sun and Earth's magnetic field
SPACE.com
By Leonard David
updated 10/25/2011 5:51:37 PM ET

China's second moon probe is parked at a stable spot in deep space, called a Lagrangian point, as part of a new mission to study the sun and Earth's magnetic field.

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This NASA diagram depicts the location of the sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point, which lies about 1.5 million kilometers from Earth, on the opposite side of the sun. (Image: NASA)

The multi-tasking spacecraft, called the Chang'e 2, completed its moon mapping mission earlier this year. Its new mission may be a signal of China's expanding prowess in space — not only for scientific purposes, but perhaps for showcasing strategic intentions, experts say.

The route from the moon to L2 — Lagrange point 2, a stable point on the side of the Earth opposite the sun — took Chang'e 2 all of 77 days. The spacecraft departed the moon in early June and parked at its new address in late August. At L2, Chang'e 2 is about 932,056 miles (1.5 million kilometers) from Earth.

Deep space exploration

China's State Administration for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense has heralded the repurposed probe, which has made China's space agency the third ever to visit a Lagrangian point. Missions launched by the European Space Agency and NASA also visited Lagrangian points.

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A China Lunar Exploration Program graphic shows the progress of China's Chang'e 2 moon probe from its lunar orbit out to the L2 Lagrange point 1.5 million km from Earth. (Image: CSLEP)

Liu Tongjie, the deputy director for the second-phase project of the China Lunar Exploration Program, said Chang'e 2 new position allows it to tackle two scientific tasks: observing the Earth's magnetic field and charting solar storms, according to a China Daily report.

Yet another assignment for October is for Chang'e 2 to help assess the capability of two large deep space communications antennas in China, Liu said.

One antenna, 115 feet (35 meters) in diameter, is being built at Kashgar in the northwest. The second antenna is nearly twice the size, with a diameter of nearly 210 feet (64 meters), and is being built at Jiamusi in the northeast.

These antennas will be part of China's deep space network, reportedly to take shape in 2016 and built to handle possible future exploration of Jupiter and the poles of the sun.

Clever maneuvers

"It doesn’t take much energy for Chang'e to get to Earth-sun L2, and once you're there, it takes very little energy to go to other Lagrange points," said Dan Lester of the Department of Astronomy at the University of Texas. "So it actually makes a lot of sense for China to exercise its abilities in doing this."

Lester told Space that getting this kind of experience under your belt is really handy if you want to do clever maneuvers in the general vicinity of the Earth-moon system with little energy.

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This photo, taken by China's Chang'e 2 lunar probe in October 2010, shows a crater in the moon's Bay of Rainbows. The image is one of the first released to the public by China's space agency. (Photo credit: China Lunar Exploration Program)

"It would be interesting to hear the plot here, but just the decision to do this comes as no big surprise," Lester added. "I wouldn’t interpret it as any more than an exercise in navigational ability and station-keeping. Not real easy to do … so it's a good test."

L2 is where many Western science spacecraft are stationed, Lester noted, and after spending some time there, Chang'e 2 could flip out to other Lagrange points.

Orbital mechanics

"It can be retargeted to some interesting bodies, using lunar gravity-assist maneuvers," said Robert Farquhar, a leading U.S. expert on orbital mechanics and author of the new book: "Fifty Years on the Space Frontier: Halo Orbits, Comets, Asteroids, and More."

"I have some ideas where Chang'e 2 could go, and I'm hoping to present my plan to the Chinese in the near future," Farquhar said.

Edward Belbruno of Princeton said the movement of Chang'e 2 "illustrates that China is mastering some subtle orbit dynamics and capabilities to have a spacecraft maneuver away from the moon for little fuel to go to Earth-sun L1." Belbruno masterminded a new approach to space travel by finding low-energy pathways using unstable chaos and dynamical systems, called weak stability boundary theory.

Chang'e 2's movement also involves capabilities for deep space tracking and communication out to 1.5 million kilometers from the Earth, Belbruno pointed out, where L2 and another Lagrange point, L1, are located.

China's mastery of reaching L2 is important for several reasons, Belbruno said. These points are far from the Earth, he said, and spacecraft located there can perform scientific measurements and observations in a benign environment.

"Perhaps more significantly, low-energy pathways lead away from L1 and L2, which can be exploited to send spacecraft to Jupiter, Mars, asteroids, for less fuel. They make an excellent staging point," Belbruno said. "Placing spacecraft at these points gives one a high ground, so to speak." Not only would they be interesting places to position a space station, but from there China could perform planetary exploration, both in piloted and automated mode.

"The fact China has sent their lunar spacecraft to (L2) shows a long-term commitment to space exploration," Belbruno said.

Space military implications?

Dean Cheng, a research fellow on Chinese political and security affairs at the Heritage Foundation, a conservative public policy think tank, sees Chang'e 2's orbital gymnastics as part national pride, part scientific curiosity and part political move: doing things at a First World level.

"Space, with its high visibility and obvious high-tech aura, is a major opportunity to do this," he said.

But to what extent could Lagrange points also fortify military space operations for China?

In terms of strategic military use of L-points, "there are some interesting ideas (though from our side) about the utility of L-points as parking spots for reserve in-orbit spares and possibly for anti-satellites coming in from outer orbits, taking out GEOsats (geostationary satellites) and the like from unexpected angles," Cheng said.

He said the possibility of in-orbit spares probably merits further investigation.

"If you think that there could be a conflict, and you had the initiative on when it might start, you might want to deploy systems farther out, where they’d be harder to monitor, in anticipation that your in-orbit systems may be attrited through a variety of means, and it'll be hard to replace them," Cheng said.

Given any worry that launch sites, production sites or other infrastructure might be targeted — and not just physically, but through cyber and other means — then you definitely might want to pre-deploy systems into orbit or farther out, Cheng said.

"This is speculation, however, and not necessarily based upon specific Chinese claims or writings," Cheng emphasized.

Leonard David has been reporting on the space industry for more than five decades. He is a winner of this year's National Space Club Press Award and a past editor-in-chief of the National Space Society's Ad Astra and Space World magazines. He has written for Space.com since 1999."
 

Martian

Senior Member
TSMC Confirms 28nm Chips in Mass Production

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Silicon wafer

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"TSMC Begins to Manufacture 28nm Chips for AMD, Nvidia, Qualcomm.
Nvidia Initiates Volume Production of 28nm Chips
[10/24/2011 01:45 PM]
by Anton Shilov

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company on Monday announced that its 28nm process is in volume production and production wafers have been shipped to customers, including AMD, Altera, Nvidia, Qualcomm and Xilinx. TSMC is the first contract maker of semiconductors to achieve volume production at 28nm node.

“Being the first to 28nm volume production demonstrates TSMC’s leadership in technology and brings great value to our customers through design wins with competitive products,” said Jason Chen, TSMC’s senior vice president of worldwide sales and marketing.

At present, TSMC produces chips using 28HP [high-performance with HKMG], 28HPL [high-performance low-power with HKMG] and 28LP [low-power with SiON] are all in volume production and 28HPM will be ready for production by the end of this year. The production-version design collateral of 28HPM has been distributed to most mobile computing customers for their product-design use.

According to TSMC, the number of customer 28nm production tape outs has more than doubled as compared with that of 40nm. At 28nm, there are currently more than 80 customer product tape-outs. The TSMC 28nm process has surpassed the previous generation’s production ramps and product yield at the same point in time due to closer and earlier collaboration with customers, the contract maker stressed.

Several key customers of TSMC have already started to receive the first wafers with 28nm products.

"We applaud TSMC’s success bringing a robust 28nm process to market, and we look forward to leveraging the benefits of this new process when we ship our next-generation discrete graphics products. The combination of AMD’s industry-leading graphics IP and TSMC’s manufacturing prowess will enable the next big leap in graphics performance with the parallel compute horsepower and power efficiency designed to meet the needs of even the most demanding gamer,” said Matt Skynner, corporate vice president and general manager of GPU division at AMD.

“Our close collaboration in developing 28nm processors will once again deliver the most energy-efficient GPUs and highest-performance graphics processors on the market,” said Jeff Fisher, senior vice president of GeForce business unit at Nvidia.

“Most recently, Qualcomm’s work with TSMC yielded our Snapdragon S4 class of processors, including the Snapdragon S4 MSM8960, a highly-integrated, dual-core SoC designed to reduce power in cutting-edge smartphones and tablets. The Snapdragon S4 class of processors are manufactured in TSMC’s highly sophisticated 28LP process, enabling Qualcomm to deliver the breakthrough combination of high performance and ultra low power to mobile devices,” said Jim Clifford, senior vice president and general manager of operations at Qualcomm.

“In our 28nm generation, TSMC’s 28LP process fits the requirement of Cyclone V and Arria V families with the lowest power and costs, and we have utilized the 28HP process for the industry’s first delivered high-end 28nm FPGA, Stratix V with the highest performance and the lowest power in high-performance systems,” said Vince Hu, vice president of product and corporate marketing at Altera Corporation.

“Building our 7-series FPGA and processing families on the 28nm HPL process in collaboration with TSMC is enabling Xilinx to lower static power by 50% while also increasing both raw performance and usable performance ,” said Vincent Tong, senior vice president of worldwide quality and new product introductions at Xilinx."
 

Martian

Senior Member
Sany 900-ton Crawler Crane Hoists China’s First 6.0MW Wind Turbine

For your information, SANY and Sinovel are both Chinese companies. "Sinovel Wind Group Company (中文:华锐风电) is the largest turbine manufacturer in China and the third largest in the world."

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Sany 900-ton Crawler Crane lifts China's-largest 6 MegaWatt Wind Turbine into position.

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The construction team celebrates the successful emplacement of Sinovel's 6 MegaWatt Wind Turbine.

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"Sany 900-ton Crawler Crane Hoists China’s First 6.0MW Wind Turbine
Date of Release : 2011-10-19

Oct 2 - Oct 8, 2011, Sheyang, Jiangsu Province - Sany’s SCC9000, a 900-ton crawler crane known as “Asia’s No. 1 Crawler Crane” owned by Guangdong LIFT Engineering Machinery, has successfully completed the hoisting of China’s first largest capacity wind turbine, Sinovel SL6000/128HH100 6.0MW wind turbine. The crawler crane adopted the combination of 78m boom and 42m jib with an operating radius of 24m to hoist the 330-ton nacelle and 128-ton blades. The job signifies that Sany has made another solid breakthrough in hoisting of large capacity wind turbines, and again demonstrates Sany crawler crane’s leading position in the industry.

The SCC9000 crawler crane involved in this project integrates a number of eye-catching leading technologies, including independent structural design, a fully closed hydraulic system that is applied for the first time in China and an electric control system with independent intellectual property right. The crawler crane has taken part in many major engineering projects since it was launched in 2008, such as Guangdong Maoming Petrochemical Company, Fujian Ningde Nuclear Power station , Shenhua Guohua Power Plant (Guangdong Taishan) and Guangdong Yangjiang Nuclear Power station.

Sany’s well-developed crawler cranes series, including SCC3000WE, SCC3200, SCC4000, SCC5000WE, SCC6500, SCC6500WE, SCC7500, SCC10000, SCC16000, are capable to hoist and erect both domestic and foreign wind turbines of 1.5MW, 2.0 MW, 3.0 MW, 5.0 MW, 6.0 MW or above.

The high-quality crawler cranes of Sany are applied not only in wind power industry but also in nuclear power industry. Up to now, Sany’s crawler cranes over 900 tons including SCC9000 and SCC10000 have successfully hoisted dome of nuclear power stations for nine times. In October 2010, Sany’s 1600-ton crawler crane SCC16000 will be used to hoist the dome of Guangdong Taishan Power Station - it is China’s first and the world’s third large EPR commercial nuclear power station, also the third-generation power station with the largest unit capacity (1.75MW). It is the only domestic crawler crane used for lifting key parts of third-generation nuclear power station. With the strongest research team in the industry, the most advanced R&D and testing equipment and first-class production line, Sany Science and Technology (Shanghai) pioneers for technology advancement and constantly pushes product upgrade in Chinese crawler crane industry."
 

Martian

Senior Member
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October 26, 2011

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The Shenzhou VIII spacecraft and the assembled Long March II-F rocket were jointly transported to the launching site at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in northwest China's Gansu Province on the morning of Oct. 26, 2011. The unmanned Shenzhou VIII, part of China's first spacecraft rendezvous and docking mission, is scheduled to be launched in early November. [Photo/Xinhua]

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A detailed picture of the fuelling outlet at the base of the Long March II-F rocket. [Photo/Xinhua]

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Workers test the Shenzhou VIII Spacecraft and assembled Long March II-F rocket prior to launch.

[Note: Thank you to Greyboy2 for the post.]
 

Martian

Senior Member
Taiwan makers emphasize thermal substrates targeted at high-power LED lighting

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"Taiwan makers emphasize thermal substrates targeted at high-power LED lighting
Posted : October 18, 2011

Ceramic variants will remain the focus of suppliers as they boast higher heat conductivity than other types.

Taiwan continues to dominate the global production of ceramic thermal substrates, accounting for more than 70 percent of total shipments and supplying to Cree, Lumileds, Osram, Philips and Edison Opto. Makers in the island will remain focused on this type amid wide adoption in high-power LED lighting applications. It boasts greater heat conductivity than other thermal substrates such as metal-core PCB or MCPCB.

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This ceramic thermal [heat-dissipating] substrate from Viking has Al₂O₃ passivation layer, 30μm copper thickness and silver surface finish.

This emphasis on ceramic kinds also takes advantage of the fast-growing LED industry in the island. The latter’s production value in 2010 hit $5.6 billion, according to the Photonics Industry & Technology Development Association. The figure will reach $7.7 billion by year-end and $13.8 billion by 2013, registering an annual growth rate of 35 percent.

Automotive and solar equipment, LED TVs, and 3G and 4G mobile phones are the other major applications of ceramic thermal substances.

Thermal substrates can also be categorized as PCB, flexible PCB or MCPCB. The last is popular in LED and automotive fields. Among the major suppliers in Taiwan are Iteq, Taiflex, Polytronics, Gia Tzoong and Chin-Poon.

Ceramic substrates are either thick- or thin-film. The first is mainly utilized in automotive and military equipment, and the latter is for high-power LEDs and rules output. In terms of composition, the two major kinds are AlN and alumina or Al₂O₃. Although the last currently dominates supply, AlN is gradually growing in number as it offers better heat dissipation. Companies are also setting their sights on high-temperature co-fired ceramic with direct plated copper, which has a similar coefficient of thermal expansion to LED chips. This type provides good heat conductivity and stability under elevated temperatures. For the packaging, eutectic and wire bonding, flip chip and COB are the common methods used.

Viking Tech Corp. is among the manufacturers in Taiwan that have released metallized ceramic substrates such as Al₂O₃. The company said this variety delivers high heat conductivity, low resistance, and good thermal expansion and reliability. Alumina also boasts elevated power output and better refractive index matching and light uniformity. In addition, it can be easily packaged with Zener diodes and ICs. The surface finish can be gold, silver, copper, nickel or palladium. At Viking, some models have a silver coating and thermal conductivity of 17W/m•K.

There are currently 20 to 30 suppliers of thermal substrates in the island, most of which are publicly listed. New players from the PCB and CCL industries have entered the line, but their number will remain low due to the high capital and technology threshold. Viking, TA-I Technology Co. Ltd, Leatec, HolyStone, Tong Hsing and Polytronics are among the major players."
 
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