News on China's scientific and technological development.

USTC and Harbin Institute of Technology made a quantum communication record few months ago using multi-pixel superconducting nanowire single photon detector based secret key rate of 115.8 Mb/s over a 10 km optical fiber, and over up to 328 km of ultra low-loss fibre. They say they can extend it to over 600 km. Higher secret key rate allows a larger number of network users.

Previous secret key rate record was 13.7 Mb/s over 10-km fiber by Toshiba. US/UK is building their fiber optics based quantum communication network based on Toshiba tech.

It seems USTC made a photonic quantum computer breakthrough with first ever experimentation of three-photon entanglement state from a single-photon source on a photonic chip. Basically a single-photon source on a programmable photonic chip producing six indistinguishable single photons of telecommunication wavelengths so they made it fiber optics manufacturing compatible. However the fidelity of the photonic system is ~57% so there's lots of room for growth. Nonetheless this breakthrough is an important step for large-scale photonic quantum computer.

sunnymaxi said:

Big update bro. post this news in Semiconductor thread as well. thanks

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I think we should focus the semiconductor thread on industry updates and keep the scientific R&D progress here.

I also wish this forum allows to tag each post with keywords and search posts by keywords so we don't need this many related threads to cross post.

HW before HR with a point that I also made before

华为力挡美国信息产业八大金刚，美国人不可能放松对华为的绞杀的。因为从从近期看，美国认为放松对华高科技绞杀免谈、日常消费品不脱钩则可以这类观点正逐步成为共识。所以美国人对中国科技产业不可能减少打压，更不可能放松对他们视为科技产业眼中钉华为的绞杀。

美国信息产业八大金刚包括谷歌、苹果、微软、英特尔、高通、IBM、甲骨文和思科。这是美国科技权力的重要来源。华为和美国八大金刚过去合作远大于竞争，但是由于美国人采用0%美国技术进行绞杀华为，除非美国公司获得许可，否则不可能合作了。而华为要生存和发展，则必须开发相应技术，这就变成直接竞争对手了。

思科，这是最早和华为发生竞争关系的八大金刚。由于思科不断收购各种中小企业，其实华为之前集成一些产品也有来自思科的，属于既有竞争又有合作的关系，当然竞争大于合作。总体上与在企业网络解决方案、5G核心网、路由器等是竞争关系。当十多年前华为骨干路由器大规模取代思科路由器后，美国开始出动国家机器打击抹黑华为；根本原因是美国的棱镜门曝光的美国通过思科路由器窃取信息，华为一取代思科路由器，自然美国人的情报机构就无法窃密了，所以打击华为以美国安全情报部门是急先锋。

IBM，曾经是华为流程管理的老师，IPD、ISC、IFS都是IBM主导支持华为做的变革。让华为管理从游击队走向正规军。华为以前买了很多IBM的小型机，也例行买他们管理服务。现在华为已经是最大超级计算机制造商之一，和IBM基本上无法业务来往了。而业界则希望华为提供企业咨询服务，华为也陆陆续续有这类服务提供。变成或多或少的竞争关系了。

苹果，这个是和华为比较明显的竞争关系。尤其在中国市场，高端手机苹果和华为明显存在零和关系，华为多、苹果就少，反之亦然；其他国产手机基本上没有拿下多少苹果份额。因此，每次美国人绞杀华为，苹果股价就会开启一波大行情。当然，双方也有专利授权合作；据说在美国人绞杀华为前，还讨论过卖巴龙基带的可能性。

高通，和华为现在是竞争又合作，双方在专利和标准进行合作与竞争；在芯片高通既是华为供应商也是海思竞争对手。实际上在美国绞杀华为前，当时华为中低端手机买了很多高通芯片的。由于美国人当前禁止给华为供应5G产品、以及5G产品的配套芯片，所以上次余总辟谣不存在高通会给华为供应5G芯片这回事。

英特尔，主要是华为供应商，用于笔记本和台式机芯片。由于美国人不允许卖服务器芯片给华为，所以华为自己搞鲲鹏服务器芯片，也是很强的。美国人把华为这个英特尔好端端的客户，硬生生的弄成在服务器有竞争关系了。

微软，一直是华为供应商。如果今后鸿蒙系统进入PC领域，则可能会有竞争关系。美国人如果阻拦微软销售Windows给华为PC，这个关系就会更快的到来。

谷歌，本来和华为是最佳搭档，谷歌擅长搞生态，华为擅长把生态系统落地和优化，特别华为对安卓底层软件优化让安卓系统受益匪浅。可现在美国人逼出一个鸿蒙系统，未来鸿蒙系统肯定会在中国成为主流并逐步走向世界，最终和iOS、安卓三分天下，大家可以看未来五年是不是这样。

甲骨文，这是最搞笑的关系变化，一直就是华为金牌供应商，华为也是甲骨文中国最大客户之一，现在变成竞争对手了。由于美国人扼住华为生产数据库喉咙，是华为这次美国绞杀最大的风险点，华为不得不和供应商一起开发了MetaERP系统。这个已经在华为全面替换了甲骨文数据库和ERP了。由于华为成功热切换的经验，后续其他公司也敢让华为敢干，会先在银行这种对数据量和稳定性要求高的行业先开始。

华为能有这个这个巨大母国和大市场是幸运，中国有华为这个能干的企业也是一种幸运，必将带领产业链突破美国人一个个障碍

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HW now is equivalent to the entire US tech industry all by itself.

Cisco - hard to argue this one. HW certificate is challenging cisco certificate around the world

IBM - I'm not sure about this one as much, because I see Lenovo as their competition

Apple - This is probably the main one. HW getting 5G phone back will be the greatest challenge to Apple in China market

Qualcomm - Another one that long term will be a victim of HW success. We all remember 3 years ago when Hisilicon took over top share in China market before the further sanction coming in

Intel - Another one that's partner in short term, but long term big opponent. Kunpeng CPU will challenge Intel in many local data centers

Microsoft - Another one that's not obvious, but HW will challenge OpenAI in AI front and Harmony will replace Microsoft in many domestic project. Longer term, HW imo will come out with its own office suite

Google - well with HW banned from GMS, HW will try its hardest to improve harmony OS. Maybe Harmony 4.0 will be the breakthrough

Oracle - Another one that became a major competitor recently with MetaERP and GaussDB. Hard to see HW product not replacing Oracle in China market

Lenovo does not compete with IBM really. IBM is more of a consulting services company than anything else. Lenovo sells consumer PC hardware. IBM also makes high end server hardware including POWER and zSeries. And Lenovo simply does not compete there. If you look at IBM's portfolio most of it is software that they use in their consulting services. They bought RedHat, and they also have software like IBM Websphere, etc. They also have their database software like IBM DB2. Software development tools from Rational Software and the Eclipse suite, etc.

IBM is more like an Oracle competitor than a hardware company at this point. Heck, Oracle with the Sun acquisition also does high end server hardware.

So even Huawei is closer to IBM than Lenovo is. Lenovo is really just a Dell competitor.

gelgoog said:

Lenovo does not compete with IBM really. IBM is more of a consulting services company than anything else. Lenovo sells consumer PC hardware. IBM also makes high end server hardware including POWER and zSeries. And Lenovo simply does not compete there. If you look at IBM's portfolio most of it is software that they use in their consulting services. They bought RedHat, and they also have software like IBM Websphere, etc. They also have their database software like IBM DB2. Software development tools from Rational Software and the Eclipse suite, etc.

IBM is more like an Oracle competitor than a hardware company at this point. Heck, Oracle with the Sun acquisition also does high end server hardware.

So even Huawei is closer to IBM than Lenovo is. Lenovo is really just a Dell competitor.

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Lenovo make high end server and supercomputer.

Lenovo makes X86 servers just like Dell. I guess you call that high end. Well I do not.
They make X86 server racks and blades. Just like Dell. Using the same Intel and AMD processors that Dell uses.

Does Lenovo design their own high-end processors like IBM does with Power10 or Tellum? No they do not. Do their servers have similar levels of failover or reliability? No they do not.

Biomarker for Parkinson's disease:

Unlike the conventional nuclear reactor, the small module reactor is much more versatile.

The core module of the world's first commercial small modular reactor (SMR) project passed final acceptance of construction on Thursday, marking a breakthrough in technological innovation of modular small reactor in China.
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Compared with the larger Hualong One, the 125 megawatts Linglong One reactor is designed for electricity generation, urban heating, urban cooling, industrial steam production, or seawater desalination, the Xinhua News Agency reported.

Following the completion of the core module of the reactor, China's nuclear power technology and facility construction has achieved a historical leap from previously being a "follower" to now being "a leader" in the field, the CCTV report said.

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Chinese scientists set a new world record! Pan Jianwei's team at the University of Science and Technology of China and Peking University have successfully achieved the preparation and verification of 51 superconducting qubit cluster states, setting a new world record for the number of truly entangled bits in all quantum systems. Quantum entanglement is one of the fundamental sources of the acceleration effect of quantum computing. The increase in the number of entangled bits can make the quantum computing power increase exponentially...

Chinese scientists created a new kind of nonlinear optical crystals that has great potential in semiconductor wafer measurement.

Achieving the full-wavelength phase-matching for efficient nonlinear optical frequency conversion in C(NH2)3BF4​

Abstract​

Phase-matching of light waves is a critical condition for maximizing the efficiency of nonlinear frequency conversion processes in nonlinear optical crystals; however, phase-matching, commonly achieved by tuning birefringence, is often difficult to achieve over a wide wavelength range. Here, full-wavelength phase-matching crystals that can avoid phase-mismatching across the entire optical transparency range are proposed. The anisotropic strength of bonding in the dimension of energy is confirmed theoretically to be the key to the full-wavelength phase-matching ability. We demonstrate that a crystal of guanidinium tetrafluoroborate (C(NH2)3BF4) can be phase-matched throughout its entire optical transparency range and is able to generate harmonic light as short as ~193.2 nm, which is close to its deep-ultraviolet cut-off edge. Importantly, this crystal is stable, cheap and efficient compared with commercially available nonlinear optical crystals for generation of 266 nm light. This work lays the foundation for finding a new class of crystals in which the phase-matching wavelength fully covers its optical transparency range, and also provides a high-performance crystal for generating light at 266 nm—the fourth-harmonic of a commercial 1,064 nm laser.

我国科学家创制新型非线性光学晶体 首次实现全波段相位匹配​

7月14日，记者从中国科学院新闻发布会获悉，我国科研人员成功创制一种新型非线性光学晶体——全波段相位匹配晶体。该晶体首次实现了全波段双折射相位匹配，将为我国半导体材料检测提供重要支撑，同时有望应用于大科学装置。相关研究成果在线发表于《自然·光子学》杂志。

激光是20世纪人类最重大的发明之一，正奇迹般地改变着我们的世界。近60年来，13项诺贝尔奖与激光技术密切相关。激光由激光器产生，其波长受到激光器所使用的放大介质和激发方式等因素的限制，一般为固定值，并且调控范围有限。

但是，人类迫切需要获得不同波长、不同能量的激光，以满足不同应用场景需求。比如，在环境监测、材料加工等领域，针对不同的介质和反射性能，需要选择不同波长的激光。

非线性光学晶体是获得不同波长激光的物质条件和源头。“相位匹配是提高激光输出效率的重要手段，但是在晶体中实现应用波段相位匹配，一直被认为是重要的技术挑战之一。”论文第一作者、中国科学院新疆理化所研究员米日丁·穆太力普说，目前有多种技术方案可供选择，其中利用晶体各向异性的双折射相位匹配技术被寄予厚望。

在此背景下，研究团队首次提出关于非线性光学晶体理想状态的假设，即假设在基于双折射相位匹配的非线性光学晶体中可以实现“紫外截止边等于最短匹配波长”。“在这个理想状态下，晶体在整个透过范围内，及全波段范围内，实现双折射相位匹配。”论文通讯作者、中国科学院新疆理化所所长潘世烈解释道。

研究团队从理论方法、材料设计和高性能晶体制备方面开展了系统工作，成功创制出综合性能优良的深紫外光学晶体四氟硼酸胍（GFB）。该晶体可以实现对晶体材料透过范围内任意波长的相位匹配。

潘世烈表示，在理论上，这项研究提出了全波段相位匹配晶体这一新概念，为实现整个透光范围内的双折射倍频激光输出提供新思路；在应用上，GFB晶体可实现1064纳米激光器二、三、四、五倍频高效、大能量输出，有望满足半导体晶圆检测等领域的重大需求；同时GFB晶体具有生长容易、成本低、效率高、抗激光损伤等优势，有望成为应用于大科学装置的新晶体材料。