News on China's scientific and technological development.

• The interaction between graphdiyne (GDY) and H2O was found to generate electricity
• The chemical bond conversion causes electron transfer between GDY and H2O molecules
• Other similar molecules have also been shown to generate electricity in this way

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Clean, infinitely renewable energy sources with low maintenance requirements that are not subject to geographical restrictions will be an important solution to energy shortages and environmental pollution. The conversion of material has been highly scrutinized by scientists, especially the discovery of some new concepts, new phenomena, and new sciences. We describe here an original discovery from graphdiyne (GDY) material. The conversion of acetylenic bonds with the intervention of H2O molecules generates a collectable induced electricity with an output voltage of 58 mV and a current of up to 203 nA cm2, illustrating an exceptional concept. We demonstrate multiple systems, such as using ammonia and hydrochloride gases to replace moisture, finding that GDY films can generate respectable induced electricity. This unique electrical phenomenon originating from chemical bond conversion potentially provides an unexplored area for new energy research, helping us to better understand the essence of power generation.

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科技日报记者：请您介绍一下，究竟什么是石墨炔？这种二维碳材料有哪些优点？

李玉良：石墨炔是一个新的碳同素异形体，是由碳碳炔键（sp碳）将苯环（sp2碳）共轭连接形成二维平面网络结构的全碳材料。

由于具有丰富的碳化学键、大的共轭体系、天然的孔洞结构和本征带隙等特征，石墨炔在生长、组装和性能调控等方面表现出巨大优势和先进性，将是推动催化、能源、光电转换及新模式转换和转化等领域创新性发展的关键材料。

2010年，我们研究团队在世界上首次通过化学合成的方法大规模制备出了石墨炔薄膜，并用“石墨炔”对其进行命名。自此，石墨炔这种自然界不存在的物质第一次真实地呈现在人类面前，为碳材料家族增添了新成员。石墨炔的成功制备结束了合成化学不能制备全碳材料的历史，开创了人工合成新型碳同素异形体的先例，开辟了碳材料研究新领域。

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The project of "Key Technologies for Efficient and Precision Manufacturing of High-Performance Ceramic Components" led by Shanghai Silicate Institute successfully passed the comprehensive performance evaluation​

Wuhun said:

SPINQ, Shenzhen-based, launched the world's first portable desktop quantum computer, a 2 qubits nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computing system, and an up to 8 qubits quantum computing simulator. Their products are primarily used in university labs in China (BIT, HKUST, SUST), and exported to UTokyo, Waterloo etc.

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But.................. Can It Run Crysis?​

tokenanalyst said:

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But.................. Can It Run Crysis?​

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In situ bidirectional human-robot value alignment​

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A prerequisite for social coordination is bidirectional communication between teammates, each playing two roles simultaneously: as receptive listeners and expressive speakers. For robots working with humans in complex situations with multiple goals that differ in importance, failure to fulfill the expectation of either role could undermine group performance due to misalignment of values between humans and robots. Specifically, a robot needs to serve as an effective listener to infer human users’ intents from instructions and feedback and as an expressive speaker to explain its decision processes to users. Here, we investigate how to foster effective bidirectional human-robot communications in the context of value alignment—collaborative robots and users form an aligned understanding of the importance of possible task goals. We propose an explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) system in which a group of robots predicts users’ values by taking in situ feedback into consideration while communicating their decision processes to users through explanations. To learn from human feedback, our XAI system integrates a cooperative communication model for inferring human values associated with multiple desirable goals. To be interpretable to humans, the system simulates human mental dynamics and predicts optimal explanations using graphical models. We conducted psychological experiments to examine the core components of the proposed computational framework. Our results show that real-time human-robot mutual understanding in complex cooperative tasks is achievable with a learning model based on bidirectional communication. We believe that this interaction framework can shed light on bidirectional value alignment in communicative XAI systems and, more broadly, in future human-machine teaming systems.

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记者13日从北京大学人工智能研究院获悉，由该院教授朱松纯领衔的联合团队取得一项重大研究成果，构建出一种机器实时理解人类价值观的计算框架，让机器人与人类用户通过实时沟通完成一系列复杂人机协作任务。这一研究可谓为机器立“心”，让AI（人工智能）赋能机器人“读懂”人类价值观。相关论文以“实时双向人机价值对齐”为题刊发在最新一期的国际期刊《科学·机器人学》上。

据了解，当今广泛应用的AI系统是一种被动的智能，只能机械地按照人类给定的任务行事，缺乏像人类一样的认知和推理能力以及情感和价值观。在缺“心”的情况下，AI很难理解人类真正的意图及价值需求，自然也就难以获取人类的信任、融入社会。

在发现之前的研究范式存在局限性之后，朱松纯带领研究团队转换赛道，让AI系统按照人的方式自主定义任务，“学习”人从自身的价值需求出发，由此为机器立“心”，让AI学会人的价值函数，具有实时对齐当前人类价值目标的能力，探索出“小数据，大任务”的范式。

该研究团队提出一个基于即时双向价值对齐模型的可解释AI系统，让机器通过与人类的即时交互并通过相应反馈来推断人类用户的价值目标，并通过“解释”将其决策过程传达给用户，以了解机器人作出判断的价值依据。研究结果表明，该学习模型可在复杂协作任务中提高人机协作效率，进而提升人机信赖关系，实现真正自主智能，在迈向通用AI的道路上更进一步。（记者华凌 通讯员董亦飞）

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本报合肥7月15日电（记者常河 通讯员王敏）中国科学技术大学潘建伟、苑震生等与德国海德堡大学、奥地利因斯布鲁克大学、意大利特伦托大学的相关研究人员合作，使用超冷原子量子模拟器，首次在实验上证实了规范对称性约束下量子多体热化导致的初态信息“丢失”，取得了利用量子模拟方法求解复杂物理问题的重要进展。北京时间7月15日，该成果发表于《科学》。

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使用经典计算机求解复杂的规范场理论是一个公认的难题，量子模拟器为解决这一问题提供了新路径。然而，由于格点规范理论中相互作用形式复杂，并要求物理系统始终处在局域规范对称性约束条件下，这对格点规范场理论热化动力学的实验模拟造成困难，因而还未在实验上实现。

为解决以往量子模拟器中相干调控的粒子数太少和无法保证规范对称性约束的两个主要问题，中国科大研究团队开发了独特的自旋依赖超晶格、显微镜吸收成像、粒子数分辨探测等量子调控和测量技术，在超冷原子量子模拟器中提出并实现了光晶格中原子的深度制冷，解决了量子模拟器温度过高、缺陷过多的问题，实验制备了近百个原子级别的规模化量子模拟器；首次实现了利用大规模量子模拟器对格点规范场理论量子相变过程的实验模拟，验证了过程中的规范不变性。

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Thermalization dynamics of a gauge theory on a quantum simulator​

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Simulating thermalization dynamics​

Calculating the dynamics of gauge theories, which underlie some of the most successful models in physics, is extremely challenging for classical computers. An alternative to computation is quantum simulation using tunable physical systems in which gauge symmetry constraints can be effectively implemented. Zhou et al. studied the thermalization of a U(1)-symmetric gauge theory using cold bosonic atoms trapped in a tilted staggered optical lattice. The system’s evolution depended on whether the gauge constraint was enforced. Additionally, different gauge-symmetric initial states with the same energy density evolved to the same thermal state. —JS

Abstract​

Gauge theories form the foundation of modern physics, with applications ranging from elementary particle physics and early-universe cosmology to condensed matter systems. We perform quantum simulations of the unitary dynamics of a U(1) symmetric gauge field theory and demonstrate emergent irreversible behavior. The highly constrained gauge theory dynamics are encoded in a one-dimensional Bose-Hubbard simulator, which couples fermionic matter fields through dynamical gauge fields. We investigated global quantum quenches and the equilibration to a steady state well approximated by a thermal ensemble. Our work may enable the investigation of elusive phenomena, such as Schwinger pair production and string breaking, and paves the way for simulating more complex, higher-dimensional gauge theories on quantum synthetic matter devices.

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我校郭光灿院士团队在非局域量子网络研究中取得重要进展，该团队李传锋、柳必恒研究组与奥地利Armin Tavakoli博士等人合作，使用超纠缠实现基于对称联合测量（symmetric joint measurements）的纠缠交换，并研究双局域贝尔不等式（Bilocal Bell inequality）和全量子网络非局域性（Full network nonlocality）。该成果7月13日发表在国际知名期刊《物理评论快报》上。

贝尔非局域是量子力学和量子信息科学的重要基础。近十多年来，对非局部性的研究不再局限于两体问题，而是转向更复杂的结构。这类实验涉及多个独立的纠缠源，实验中将这些纠缠源进行多方分发和纠缠测量并最终形成非局域量子网络。由于量子网络所展示的非局域性突破了传统贝尔实验的框架，因此在物理理论和实验上都存在巨大的挑战。

目前实验上连接独立纠缠源的纠缠测量主要是利用标准的贝尔态测量，对于更一般的纠缠测量及其所建立的非局域量子网络的性质研究还很缺乏。对称联合测量是一类重要的纠缠测量，与贝尔态测量有着本质的不同。它具有优雅而自然的对称性，可以作为一种量子信息资源进行利用。任意的对称联合测量需要控制非门和控制相位门的级联操作，这给只能概率性实现不同光子间的控制门的线性光学量子网络带来非常大的挑战。

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在本实验中，研究组首先制备出一个超纠缠对，产生的两个光子的态分别在偏振自由度和路径自由度存在纠缠。然后，在同一个光子的偏振自由度和路径自由度通过一个通用量子线路来实现任意的对称联合测量。由于同一个光子的不同自由度之间可以实现确定性的控制门，研究组经过自行设计的偏振-路径交换装置确定性实现了任意的对称联合测量。实验结果表明研究组实现的对称联合测量保真度达到了97.4%。 研究组利用对称联合测量实现了纠缠交换，并研究了双局域贝尔不等式（Bilocal Bell inequality）和全量子网络非局域性（Full network nonlocality）。实验结果展示了与标准贝尔态测量的非局域量子网络完全不同的性质。

该成果迈出了超越基于标准贝尔态测量的非局域量子网络的第一步，证明了不同的纠缠测量会构造出不同优势的非局域量子网络，为构建不同结构的非局域量子网络提供一种技术路线。

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