Regarding PESAs, the defining characteristic of a PESA versus an AESA is that a PESA has a magnetron or klystron behind the system to generate radio waves for the radar, whereas the radio waves are generated by the transmit receive modules in AESA.
For highly-advanced Russian PESAs, you have many many transmission modules on the PESA, so that you don't have any apparent antenna, but there are other ways to handle this. For example, look at this Zhuk radar. There are large and obvious transmission devices here.
This is the RDY-2 used on the Mirage:
First, those are planar array radars and not examples of PESA. Second, the JL-10A, for example, is also a planar array and does not have protrusions:
So, the fact is, all AESAs have flat sensor panels, some PESAs have flat sensor panels, but if there's a flat sensor panel with protrusions, it's likely a PESA.
Protrusions is not a characteristic of PESA radar, and here is an example of the Zaslon radar on Mig-31:
Again, if you can conclude that the new radar is PESA based on the lack of similarities to an AESA, then I can equally conclude the new radar is not PESA based on the lack of similarities with PESA.
And if you don't misinterpret my statement about backings, what I'm saying is that if the backing is very large, it's likely a PESA. Look at the Zhuk, for example.
Going back to the pictures I posted of APG-77 and APG-79, I see a huge backing. If you think I misinterpret your meaning of backings, then by all means clarify your definition. If I did not misinterpret it, then I would say that the size of the backing is not the determining factor in whether an ESA is active or passive.
Ask the big shrimp on Chinese boards about Chinese AESA costs. It fits, because it explains why, despite having naval and AWACs AESA for quite some time, you haven't seen the radar adapted to fighter applications as of yet.
Big shrimps on Chinese boards have also said that cost per elements have came down considerably and we would see everything being fitted with AESA not long in the future. This was said a couple of years ago.
It depends on the situation, for example, both computing and the internet were developed as military technologies, but they were ultimately adapted for civilian use. and as I've mentioned, the Chinese are good at acquiring, stealing, some might say, civilian technology from abroad, but are relatively behind when it comes to military technologies.
Irrelevant. As I have pointed out earlier, the best technologies get fitted to military systems. Your attempt in differentiate civilian and military technologies when I brought up latest technologies is an attempt at grasping at straws. My rebuttal has always been this: latest technologies get fitted, period. If you believe that Chinese semi-conductor industry is 7 years behind the West, then looking at the date of serial production for the APG-77, we can infer that Chinese is perfectly capable of building an AESA radar for fighters.