Russia’s engine design capabilities are in line with the US’s and Europe’s.
Not so much these days. Russia's programs have slowed and stopped through the Soviet collapse and funding remains incomparable to American, British, and French programs. Even if the Russians still have a great industrial, tooling, and scientific base for engineering and building competitive modern turbofans, I don't think they can compare too favourably against US, UK, and France in either military or commercial turbofans.
China's may not have as much collective experience or industrial base that's gone through the same R&D stages the others have, but it has enjoyed immense funding for decades. Even with decades of experience producing parts and licensed units and then domesticated un-licensed units, it's clear that short cuts don't quite exist and even sole projects like WS-10 have taken a considerable effort from the nation's turbofan developers just to master. Something the Americans have done since the F110, arguably even the F100 as a more fitting contextual equivalent.
Russia is still impressive though with all the hindrance but managed to still modernise the mainstay RD-33 and Al-31 and develop the Izd.30. Losing Ukraine was a big blow since a lot of the turbofan industry was placed there during the Soviet era. China is a junior and barely out of training wheels but at least since a few years ago, the WS-10 has been conquered with 10 years of service onboard J-11 fighters and moving onto J-10.
BTW the WS-10 isn't an Al-31 and though I'm not sure if that was suggested in the topwar article, while the WS-13 surely was an uninteresting but perhaps worthwhile copy of the RD-33 with some more modernised additions, the WS-10 is closer to being based off an American engine since the design of its core was based on a high bypass turbofan. WS-15 is the first Chinese engine developed from the lessons and experiences picked up over the last 5 or so decades of building, copying, and modifying various types of turbofans.
