why were you comparing it to Japan ... unlike China .... Japan imports all high performance turbofan engines and also imports (or license) most (if not all) main weapon system, mainly from the US
Because even Japan which has long tradition of building aero engine .Even they need a partner to fabricate turbine shaft.
Material science depend on skill and long experience, trail and error It is not exactly exact science. European has the lead since they initiate the industrial revolution.
For your information Japan(IHI) did build their own turbofan engine first to power Kawasaki maritime patrol. They are pioneer with ceramic blade
Even the latest Shin shin demonstrator use their own domestic engine
They don't have engine in 130 KN engine class or T/W ratio of 8 or more. But that is because they were prevented from developing their own aircraft industry. In the late 80's they were planning to developed their own fighter jet
Were that program goes thru I bet they will developed high power Turbofan engine.
So Japan is heavy weight when it come to Jet fighter after all they built thousand of zero, kawasaki, nakajima etc