Chinese Economics Thread

SanWenYu

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Xi Jingpin calls to create a new development bank within SCO. He also wants to increase the use of home currencies in trade with other bloc members.

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习近平出席上海合作组织成员国元首理事会第二十三次会议并发表重要讲话​

第三,聚焦务实合作,加快经济复苏。中方愿同各方一道落实全球发展倡议,坚持经济全球化正确方向,反对保护主义、单边制裁、泛化国家安全概念,反对搞“筑墙设垒”、“脱钩断链”,努力把互利合作“蛋糕”做大,让发展成果更多更公平惠及各国人民。欢迎各方参加第三届“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛,共同把这条造福世界的幸福之路铺得更宽更远。中方建议扩大本组织国家本币结算份额,推动建立本组织开发银行。
 

tphuang

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欧美日能解决镓锗被出口管制问题吗?在当前的产业链体系这基本上接近无解的存在。

我方宣布出口管制镓锗材料后,欧美日媒体简直炸了锅,其政府也开始唧唧歪歪。
比如美媒CNBC和彭博都大幅报道该问题,都认为这是中方对科技战的反击。
荷兰外交大臣胡克斯特拉呼吁欧盟应利用自身影响力,与中方进行交涉,不然管制措施将对荷兰和欧洲经济产生影响。
日本经济产业大臣对我国稀有金属镓和锗进行出口管制表示强烈反对,正在商讨后续对策。日本内阁官房长官松野博和在4日上午的新闻发布会上表示, 用于半导体材料的稀有金属镓及相关产品实施出口管制, "WTO如果根据国际规则、(将认为)这是不公正的措施,我们将根据规则作出适当反应。"。
中国镓锗出口最大目的地就是日本,他们买我们99.99%产品去炼6-7个9的产品。所以日本人跳得要死,但是日本人为什么在控制半导体材料出口就不想想自己身上的产业链窟窿比马蜂窝还多呢?

实际上欧美日这是臭不要脸的双标,他们禁止民用半导体设备和材料出口就振振有词是国家安全;那镓和锗与军工高度相关,当然更和国家安全相关,他们却认为违反WTO规则了。如果他们知道还有WTO这个规则,就不会禁止半导体设备和材料。

那么,他们有办法绕过吗?还真难,根据英国关键矿产情报中心的数据,中国2020年占镓产能的94%,2021年则到96%了。另外产能主要在俄罗斯、欧美日还想主动切断俄罗斯,而且那点产能九牛一毛。

那么中国这几百吨镓不出口会影响我们自己产业链吗?很多人不知道的是,每克镓当前不到2块钱、大概1.7元,太便宜了,我们350吨都不到一亿美元,其中约200吨是中铝产的。我们国家缺这1亿美元吗?我们完全可以收储十年而毫无压力。如果不是因为怕影响贸易声誉,这一亿美元卡脖子性价比太高了。

那西方阵营能否自己生产呢?这就要说镓这种金属的生产模式了,基本上都是伴生的。学过化学的知道,很多矿特别容易同族元素伴生及邻族元素伴生;比如铜矿经常有银和金伴生等。刚好镓就是同族元素铝工业和邻族元素锌的伴生矿。目前世界原生金属镓的产能为220吨,包括再生镓总产能为370吨左右;原生镓90%以上是从铝的生产中富集而得到的,其次是从铅锌生产的弃渣中得到的。世界上很少有单独的富集镓矿开采。

也就是说镓没有富矿,主要是从炼铝和锌渣料中回收提取;而最大的铝和锌生产国当然是中国,去年中国铝产量占世界约60%,锌产量占全球36%。有的国家虽然炼铝,但是没有开展废渣回收或者没有回收技术,这是为什么中国镓和锗产能垄断的根源。

好了,那欧美能否建设铝工业来炼镓呢?这么庞大的电解铝他们怎么可能建设出来?就算电解铝建设出来你的铝卖哪里去?中国可是最大铝消费国。为炼镓建设铝厂这好比说要钓条鱼得先买艘大游艇一样可笑,因为镓产能只有铝十万分之一。就算他们准备搞电解铝了,工业电哪里来呢,西方现在建设一个火电厂的周期那可是5-8年起啊;中国工业电是G7之和的两倍了。这对他们来说基本上就是个死局。

因此,澳大利亚的中国国际矿业协会(GMAC)主席戴碧特说,“中国触动了美国贸易限制的要害”,他认为别的国家想要在短期内取代中国对镓和锗的供应是一种幻想,哪怕中期也是如此。
布鲁塞尔研究所研究员西蒙娜·塔格里亚皮特拉分析说,中国此举明确提醒人们,在这场比拼中谁占上风,残酷的现实是,西方至少需要10年时间才能去除中国矿物供应链的风险,这的确是一种不对等的依赖关系。
看到了吗,西方专家都认为镓和锗出口管制战略中短期是无解的,我们可以仅靠简单收储就能让产业链完美运作、但却可以卡死欧美日镓和锗产业链。那他们怎么解决呢,坐下来谈呗,不愿谈?哦,那还有锑、钨、镁、稀土等需要中国的,再想想。那要全面脱钩?嗯,脱钩了当然统一就没有什么经济顾虑了。

From our friend HW before HR

While he may be overestimating the difficulty level of Western countries to tolerate China's stranglehold over industrial metals, it's also significantly hard than these experts doing copium on Bloomberg

The reality is that 80% recoverable gallium is found in China. It comes from processing alumina or zinc. China is the biggest end users of that and is the biggest producers of those metals also.

China can store whatever it does not need instead of trying to sell them. It's a small industry and China definitely will have no problem storing the excessive gallium.

Looks like the one hurt the most here is Japan. After that, probably America. That's why imo EU is feeling less alarmed about the situation. Also, it's unlikely imo that China will not grant license for EU companies.

Either way, downstream users in China need to capitalize on this opportunity.
 

PopularScience

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From our friend HW before HR

While he may be overestimating the difficulty level of Western countries to tolerate China's stranglehold over industrial metals, it's also significantly hard than these experts doing copium on Bloomberg

The reality is that 80% recoverable gallium is found in China. It comes from processing alumina or zinc. China is the biggest end users of that and is the biggest producers of those metals also.

China can store whatever it does not need instead of trying to sell them. It's a small industry and China definitely will have no problem storing the excessive gallium.

Looks like the one hurt the most here is Japan. After that, probably America. That's why imo EU is feeling less alarmed about the situation. Also, it's unlikely imo that China will not grant license for EU companies.

Either way, downstream users in China need to capitalize on this opportunity.
The second largest importer of Gallium is Germany, followed by Netherlands.
 

luminary

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China continues to be Russia’s top buyer of fossil fuels, with imports reaching $30 billion in 2023 up until June 16, 2023.

With nearly 80% of China’s fuel imports being
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, Russia’s average daily revenues from Chinese fossil fuel imports have declined from $210 million in 2022 to $178 million in 2023 largely due to the falling price of Russian crude oil.

Following China are EU nations collectively, which despite no longer importing coal from Russia since August of 2022, still imported $18.4 billion of fossil fuels in a 60/40 split of crude oil and natural gas respectively.

CountryRussian Fossil Fuel Imports* (Total)Crude OilNatural GasCoal
China$30B$23.9B$2.7B$3.3B
EU$18.4B$11.2B$7.2B$0
India$15.2B$12.8B$0$2.5B
Türkiye$12.1B$7.3B$3B$1.7B
UAE$2.3B$2.3B$0$0
South Korea$2.1B$0.6B$0.3B$1.2B
Slovakia$2.0B$1.1B$0.9B$0
Hungary$1.9B$0.8B$1.1B$0
Belgium$1.9B$0.5B$1.4B$0
Japan$1.8B$0$1.5B$0.3B
Spain$1.7B$0.6B$1.1B$0
Singapore$1.7B$1.7B$0$0
Brazil$1.6B$1.4B$0$0.2B
Netherlands$1.6B$1.5B$0.1B$0
Saudi Arabia$1.5B$1.4B$0$0
Egypt$1.4B$1.3B$0$0.2B
Bulgaria$1.3B$1.1B$0.3B$0
Italy$1.2B$0.8B$0.4B$0
Malaysia$1.1B$1.0B$0$0.1B
Czech Republic$1.0B$1.1B$0$0

*Over the time period of Jan 1, 2023 to June 16, 2023 in U.S. dollars

After China and the EU bloc, India is the next-largest importer of Russian fossil fuels, having ramped up the amount of fossil fuels imported by more than 10x since before Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, largely due to discounted Russian oil.

Türkiye is the only other nation to have imported more than $10 billion worth of Russian fossil fuels in 2023, with every other country having imported fewer than $3 billion worth of fuels from Russia this year.

While OPEC and OPEC+ nations’ cuts are an attempt at pushing crude oil prices up, increased production from the U.S. has counteracted this. The
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2023 U.S. production to be 12.6 million bpd, surpassing the high in 2019 of 12.3 million bpd.
 
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While OPEC and OPEC+ nations’ cuts are an attempt at pushing crude oil prices up, increased production from the U.S. has counteracted this. The
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2023 U.S. production to be 12.6 million bpd, surpassing the high in 2019 of 12.3 million bpd.

The US has also been reducing their crude oil Strategic Petroleum Reserve Stocks despite Washington rhetoric to replemish the stock and this has artificially depressed oil prices. Almost half the SPR has been drawn and will continue to suppress inflation until the next election.

This is why I do not believe western media and washington press release. Look at what they do and not what they say.

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