An interesting F-22 RCS versus Frequency Plot

coolieno99

Junior Member
PB, only with the current generation of AESAs, where an element appears limited up to 10 or 20 watts of power. However, elements with up to 40 watts, or maybe 50 watts of power is already in experimental stage. The problem is the tremendous heat, but Gallium Nitride as the semiconductor material might change all that, ushering a new generation of AESAs. ...
Another compound semi-conductor that shows promising result is Silicon Carbide. It can operate at much higher temperature than Gallium Arsenide. I think Lockheed is experimenting with SiC based AESA radar. It will be a horse-race between Gallium Nitride and Silicon Carbide in 2nd gen AESA radar application. Again these technologies have their start in the commercial fields, I think China manufactures white-light LEDs using GaN. China does uses SiC to hardened saw blades, but not for ICs. Manufacturing SiC ICs is rather challenging, Japan is considered the leader in this field.
 

crobato

Colonel
VIP Professional
Si and Ga based compounds are not really competing but rather complementary.

The problem of these semiconductor compounds is that each compound has a sweet spot and band of frequency operation and they're all different from each other. Perhaps all the advertisements and marketing never tell you that the disadvantage of AESA is that its frequency band for a particular AESA is actually limited by the semiconductor substrate material used by the emitters of that AESA.

For example, GaN and GaAs works best at around the X-band (8 to 12GHz) but if you want to work with higher frequency like Ku band (12 to 18 GHz), its better to use Indium Phosphate (InP) or Silicon Germanium (SiGe). And if want to work with lower frequency like S or C band, Silicon or Silicon Carbide is better.

Likewise, Silicon or Silicon Carbide isn't probably what you want for an X-band emitter. But it works for communication frequencies (800Khz to 1.9GHz), or for S-band (2 to 4GHz).

So let's say a fighter radar that uses high frequency X-band, you might want to use GaN. Another application might be an SAM fire control radar using X-band for missile target illumination. But if you want a radar for SAM search and tracking, with lower frequency like in the S to C band, you might want to use Silicon Carbide instead.

Note, Raytheon's new generation SPY-2 uses a dual array setup. Its not hard to figure out why from the above.
 

crobato

Colonel
VIP Professional
Si and Ga based compounds are not really competing but rather complementary.

The problem of these semiconductor compounds is that each compound has a sweet spot and band of frequency operation and they're all different from each other. Perhaps all the advertisements and marketing never tell you that the disadvantage of AESA is that its frequency band for a particular AESA is actually limited by the semiconductor substrate material used by the emitters of that AESA.

For example, GaN and GaAs works best at around the X-band (8 to 12GHz) but if you want to work with higher frequency like Ku band (12 to 18 GHz), its better to use Indium Phosphate (InP) or Silicon Germanium (SiGe). And if want to work with lower frequency like S or C band, Silicon or Silicon Carbide is better.

Likewise, Silicon or Silicon Carbide isn't probably what you want for an X-band emitter. But it works for communication frequencies (800Khz to 1.9GHz), or for S-band (2 to 4GHz).

So let's say a fighter radar that uses high frequency X-band, you might want to use GaN. Another application might be an SAM fire control radar using X-band for missile target illumination. But if you want a radar for SAM search and tracking, with lower frequency like in the S to C band, you might want to use Silicon Carbide instead.

Note, Raytheon's new generation SPY-2 uses a dual array setup. Its not hard to figure out why from the above.

Addendum:

I may add that using Silicon based compounds (other than Silicon Germanium) is going to be a lot cheaper than Gallium based compounds.

I have a theory that the Type 346 radar used on the 052C might be using a Silicon or Silicon Carbide based AESA due to its size, which makes each element cheaper otherwise it would have been outrageously expensive, and because the most likely operating frequency range of that radar is S to C band.
 
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