I hope I didn't forget anything in this case pardon me
Carrier Onboard Delivery, US Embedded Air Transport
Anyone who is watching an American aircraft carrier closely is necessarily struck by the firepower that comes out of it. State-of-the-art combat aircraft such as the F / A-18E Super Hornet supported by anti-submarine and / or search-rescue helicopters and E-2C Hawkeye and EW-18G Growler . But a somewhat sharper eye will notice this strange turboprop that is the C-2A Greyhound. It is indeed this obscure plane, or rather its mission so special, that interests us here: the Carrier Onboard Delivery (COD), the mission of air transport to support the action on board.
It was during the Pacific War that American sailors began to think about the possibility of having genuine supplies of material and mail in order to serve from and to the bridges of their aircraft carriers. At that time the majority of these missions returned to the PBY Catalina. However, this solution obliged the crew of the seaplanes and amphibians to come and land as close as possible to the warships, and thus to secure the nearest waters to prevent the Catalina from being shot down or even torpedoed. The use of an embarked aircraft seemed therefore a necessity.
Despite the growing importance of the transport and logistical support missions of the fleet, credits were not at that time particularly affected by this kind of development. So it was necessary to do do-it-yourself, and so was born the first plane of Carrier Onboard Delivery: the General Motors TBM-3R Avenger. It was a version of the eponymous reconnaissance and anti-submarine fighter aircraft on which the cockpit had been replaced by a summary cabin to accommodate five to seven passengers or one Injured and his carer. After rapid modifications carried out on board the aircraft could be used to transport light freight or mail up to a maximum of 550kg. About twenty aircraft were produced and served between October 1944 and the end of hostilities, exclusively in the Pacific. For purely practical reasons they could only fly in daylight and only in areas where Japanese hunting was absent. The TBM-3Rs had no defensive weapons.
In the aftermath of the Second World War, about 15 TBM-3Js with all-weather capabilities were transformed into TBM-3RJs which reinforced the TBM-3Rs still in flight, until a worthy substitute Be found.
In 1949, Martin was the first aircraft manufacturer to develop a COD plane. Designated JR2M Mercury this one was in fact a disarmed and very profoundly modified derivative of the AM-1 Mauler ground attack aircraft. The JR2M was developed to allow the rapid transport of three injured and a carer or a light cargo up to 550kg. The JR2M had to be developed under another sub-version designed to accommodate between six and eight passengers in Increased comfort with regard to the TBM-3R. For this the passenger version would have received a retractable tail wheel to reduce the incidence of the plane on the ground and therefore the inconvenience for the officers taking places on board. In spite of an advanced study the Martin JR2M Mercury remained in the state of prototype and the US Navy had to content itself with pampering its General Motors TBM-3R and RJ.
In fact, it was not until the mid-1950s that a real in-car transport aircraft, the Grumman TF-1 Trader, finally appeared. Derived from an already existing aircraft, the submarine fighter S2F Tracker, the new twin-engine could more than double the capacity of the old Avenger. Above all, he was going to make it possible to carry out take-offs and take-offs in bad weather, which the venerable single engines were incapable of doing.
In September 1962, the Grumman TF-1 Trader were renamed C-1 Trader, while their missions continued to grow. They were going to know their hours of glory with the Vietnam War. Indeed, during this conflict the Traders were to be called to carry out sanitary evacuation missions but also more surprising transport like infiltrations of commandos in favor of the famous Navy SEALs then newly created.
It was in the early 1960s that the American naval aviation received about fifteen copies of the least famous version of the transport of an embarked aircraft: the Douglas UA-1E, a version of direct mail transport Of its famous Skyraider attack aircraft. Disarmed these planes had to ensure the air mail to the benefit of the crews of carriers engaged here and there on the seas of the globe.
But the C-1 Trader remains the reference in this matter.
In 1963, the US Navy even tested the use of Lockheed KC-130F Hercules as a COD aircraft. If a (barely modified) copy made a total of twenty-nine touch-and-go and twenty-one landing and take-offs the concept was never validated. No Hercules could have cohabited in the hangars with the other planes embarked at the time such as the Douglas A-3 Skywarrior or the Vought F-8 Crusader.
In fact, in the 1960s, the US Navy was already thinking about standardizing its Carrier Onboard Delivery fleet around a single aircraft model. This was to give birth to the most famous of them, who half a century later was called to always fly under his colors. It's obviously the Grumman C-2 Greyhound we're talking about. The first genuine airborne transport aircraft worthy of the name, the first also to the real all-weather and nocturnal capacities, capable of taking off and landing even by the most dismantled seas.
In the 1980s and 1990s, the US Navy implemented the Lockheed US-3A Viking to replace the C-2A. However, this jet was not as versatile as Grumman's and was eventually retired from service in 1998 when the majority of the Greyhounds were still flying. The US-3A had a capacity of four to six passengers and up to two tons of light cargo.
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, it seems that the future of the COD is shaping itself around convertiplanes like the future HV-22 Osprey, which in the not-too-distant future may completely rewrite the young history of these operations Poorly known. However, it is not necessary (yet) to bury too quickly Grumman's turboprop that knows how to make resistance
The Carrier Onboard Delivery is a very specific but absolutely necessary mission for the smooth running of the aircraft carrier. It is an almost exclusively American specialty. Aside from six Fairey Gannets modified and used by the Fleet Air Arm in the 1950s and early 1960s, no other country has (or is currently) calling for aircraft to refuel the ship. The British, French or Russian navies still use exclusively transport and assault helicopters for this mission and thus the known restrictions on such machines