Soviets and British tried that idea. Kiev carried heavy P-500 ASMs while Invincibles carried a
VLS for long range Sea Dart SAMs.
It wasn't considered very good. it seems that fighter flight decks and long range missile requirements conflict with each other. I think one way is that for example, VLS go deep into the hull, so a VLS battery will reduce space for a hangar.
Even if you need to build a faster carrier, just build a smaller flattop like a Type 075/076 or even another Liaoning/Shandong, and if you really need to combine aviation and missiles, a helicopter destroyer is still better than a fighter launching flattop with missiles.
Also note that both Invincible and Kiev had STOVL planes, which China does not have.