Ulyanovsk is a complex design. I am not sure if the Chinese are at that level of sophistication when its comes to designing large warships (somebody help me here please). If I were Xi Jinping (and want to build up the Navy before the Chinese economic slow down takes its toll on the PLAN), I would just rather model my carriers on the Liaoning, but make the island and deck stealthier. More CIWS and VLS could be added so the ships are more defensible. It is a much cheaper option when time is not likely on your side (economic slowdown, expansion of Indian carrier fleet, and potential Taiwanese declaration of de jure independence after 2016). However, this is not to say that China should stop designing nuclear-powered super-carriers. You need huge among of surplus fund to built a carrier fleet similar to that of the U.S. China's economy is slowing, and the aging population will likely be more vocal in demanding a welfare state. That leaves little space for a fancy blue-water navy.
An improved Liaoning can still be more than just island/deck improvements and more CIWS/VLS.
- Yes, island size should be reduced to free up more room for deck space. But two major improvements related to a reduced island size can happen here. First is propulsion. Using steam boilers is rather archaic now. It would make sense to switch over to gas turbines. Whether this helps reduce the size of the smokestack will also be a factor with island size. The other are the sensors. Better and more efficient placement of the phased radars and sensors would also reduce the size of island as well as provide better electronics vs Liaoning. The island itself should be relocated further aft to improve deck ops.
- More automation to further reduce crew size.
- Even with the same general outward design as Liaoning, it should be a bigger displacement to increase deck size and hangar size.
- The aft above the water line should borrow improvements found on the Ford class which is to build out extended sides that provide additional room for non-hangar operations such as workshops. Also, perhaps the flag bridge can be in a lower deck to further reduce island size.
- I don't think there should be any VLS. Runs contradictory to the concept of a CBG where the destroyers and frigates provide that duty and form a layered defense. However, there should be room for future weapons platforms such as a laser when China is ready to field one of its own.
- Design in bow and below deck space to anticipate potential mid-life overhaul where the ski ramp can be removed readily and catapults installed when PLAN transitions to CATOBAR. The improved Liaoning should really have a hull that's identical to a non-nuclear CATOBAR version to reduce design costs and allow reasonable retrofit to standardize when the carrier fleet switches over to an all CATOBAR fleet. At that point, there should really be just two design flavors, a non-nuclear CATOBAR carrier and a nuclear CATOBAR carrier. Liaoning herself will be the exception but she has always been designated as a training carrier in all sorts - building, operations, etc. Perhaps at that point, she could be leased out to a friendly nation with J-15s being an export product as well.