‘China Initiative 2.0’: US crackdown on Chinese scholars intensifies
Published: 7:11am, 24 Jun 2026Updated: 7:12am, 24 Jun 2026
Immigration lawyers and activists claim the Trump Administration has ramped up its targeting of Chinese scientists and researchers in US
Leading immigration lawyers and activists say the US government has intensified its crackdown on Chinese scientists and researchers – a campaign they argue is even more aggressive than the controversial “China Initiative” launched during US President first term. “I think now we are clearly in an era of China Initiative 2.0,” said Robert Fisher, a former Assistant US Attorney and a partner at Nixon Peabody, a Boston-based international law firm.
The initiative, launched by the Trump administration in 2018 to counter alleged Chinese espionage and intellectual property theft, was scrapped in 2022 after drawing criticism for disproportionately targeting Chinese scholars and researchers. Speaking at an online panel hosted by the Asian-American Scholar Forum on Tuesday, Fisher said he was witnessing a “large uptick” in federal and state investigations involving China-linked researchers, scientists and professors, though he noted that most had not yet resulted in indictments or prosecutions.
“I have many, many folks who are under investigation, whether a search warrant was executed on their home or they’ve been stopped at the border,” he added. Since January 2025, the Trump administration has intensified its scrutiny of Chinese scholars on national security and health safety grounds through a series of arrests, investigations, border stops and visa restrictions.
Chinese researchers arrested, charged by FBI in recent months
In recent months, the
arrested and charged several Chinese researchers connected to American universities, including the University of Michigan and Indiana University, accusing them of smuggling biological materials and hiding research ties to China’s state institutions.
The
secured at least three guilty plea deals, including the latest case involving Indiana University research scholar Youhuang Xiang.
In November, the FBI arrested Xiang at Chicago O’Hare International Airport on allegations that he smuggled samples of Escherichia coli (E coli) bacteria into the
and concealed his membership in the Communist Party. His J-1 scholar visa was subsequently revoked, and he spent the next four months in detention. In April, Xiang entered a guilty plea agreement with prosecutors and was ordered deported to
. “Xiang intentionally exploited his access to laboratory facilities at one of Indiana’s flagship research universities, and the privileges of his J‑1 visa status, to illegally smuggle biological materials into the United States,” said Tom Wheeler, United States Attorney for the Southern District of Indiana in April.
However, Indiana University Bloomington Association of University Professors (AAUP) disputed the government’s contention. “Colleagues of Dr Xiang note that the charges against him reflect a troubling mischaracterisation of a common and routine method of obtaining research samples,” it said in a statement. “It should outrage everybody,” said Justin Sadowsky, legal director at the Chinese-American Legal Defence Alliance. “This guy ends up spending four months in prison because he didn’t disclose something on a customs form.” The crackdown has also led to more severe consequences. In March, Chinese semiconductor researcher
shortly after being questioned by US federal law enforcement.
The Chinese government publicly raised concerns over the issue, saying that the US had “overstretched” the concept of national security. “We are deeply distressed by this tragedy,”
, a spokesman for China’s embassy in Washington, told the South China Morning Post. Legal experts also pointed to the geopolitical dimension of the current situation, noting that researchers in sensitive fields of US-China competition, including
,
,
, biotech and materials science, face increased scrutiny.
US Congress looks to limit research ties with China-linked entities
Beyond executive action, a powerful bipartisan consensus in
is driving the push to limit research ties with China-linked entities.
Lawmakers have introduced multiple bills specifically targeting economic espionage and intellectual property theft, mirroring the framework of the original 2018 China Initiative.
“The message is very clear and loud. Do not work with China,” said Clay Zhu, a California-based lawyer. “It has created an atmosphere of fear, and the chilling effect has been working so far.” Zhu compared the administration’s current approach with China Initiative 1.0, arguing that enforcement has shifted from criminal prosecutions to civil actions. “I think it’s achieving its goal. It has not attracted so much public attention. It’s quieter, but it’s more effective,” he emphasised.