“When I was an ensign, a lieutenant, we knew we could
. It was just a question of time because we were better than them,” NATO’s top admiral said. “
.”
The European allies suffer many shortfalls at sea, said
, the
officer heading NATO’s Allied Maritime Command (MARCOM): anti-submarine warfare,
,
,
,
, even the command and control capabilities of his own 300-strong headquarters.
So, I asked the admiral at an
, would coastal waters within range of Russian land-based missiles — like the
near Syria, the northern
, and the entire
— be no-go zones for NATO navies in event of war? Would any NATO vessel in those areas during a crisis be effectively held hostage by the Russians?
“No and no,” Johnstone said. “We are not ceding ground and we wouldn’t put people in as hostages.”
To the contrary, the admiral argued, NATO navies must assertively patrol those areas, contest control of them, and not “cede space” to the Russians. That means, he said, sailing as close as 15 miles from the
, for example. It means, instead of treating the Black Sea as Russia’s “private lake” and only sending lightly armed auxiliaries there, NATO needs to send full-up warships capable of defending themselves from air and missile attack, as it did recently with the HMS
Duncan, a British
. It means planning a “holistic” air and naval campaign in the Baltic to establish and sustain a forward presence there, starting long before the first shot is fired.
Once a war starts, “to fight your way through and get presence is really going to be militarily quite demanding,” Johnstone said with typically British understatement. “We have rehearsed that,” he said, but it’s far better to have forces in place from the start.
Those forces have to come from all of NATO, not just the
themselves. That’s no slur on the Estonian, Latvian, or Lithuanian navies. “They’re genuinely brilliant, they are delivering capability to (NATO) Standing Naval Forces in a way that I think should embarrass some bigger nations,” he said. “But they’re small nations. (They’re) not going to win the war. they’re going to be brave and hold the line, and we’re going to have to bring in other capabilities.”
The threat isn’t limited to waters close to Russia, either, Johnstone said. Russian warships and
now frequently deploy
, he said. These vessels are armed with Kalibr cruise missiles that could threaten
in a crisis, creating an extended
zone.
“The A2/AD challenge might not be coming from Eastern Europe,” Johnstone said. “The A2/AD may come from the central Atlantic.” Johnstone is already conducting exercises on how to provide escort ships and land-based air cover for convoys crossing the Atlantic, he said.
Command & Control
NATO leaders are now considering re-creating the Cold War-era Atlantic Command. There’s also work to stand up a new Joint Forces Command-X for naval operations, probably US-led, alongside NATO’s existing JFCs. Johnstone’s MARCOM, created shortly after the
, would complement a future Atlantic Command and/or JFC-X, not compete with them, he said.
In fact, MARCOM’s explicit mandate is to conduct operations in peacetime and crisis, but
not to run a shooting war. If “kinetic” operations became necessary, Johnstone said, MARCOM would hand over command and control to a “heavy metal” warfighting force, “which will only be commanded by an American.”
NATO is still thrashing out how such a handoff would work. It would be particularly tricky, I noted, because modern Russian strategy deliberately blurs the line between war and peace and create a
through use of propagandists, hackers, saboteurs, proxy forces, and deniable “little green men” — Russian soldiers without insignia.
That’s true, Johnstone acknowledged. In a recent exercise called
, in which MARCOM for the first time was certified to act as a NATO “battle staff,” his HQ handled simultaneous naval conflicts in the Baltic and Norwegian Seas, he said — but what was really hard to deal with was the grey zone activity around Europe.
“The game players moved the crisis almost clockwise around the sector ending in up Germany.” he said. Events that initially seemed unrelated to the conflict would
or a shipping company, throttling NATO supply lines.
MARCOM is now working with NATO special operations on how to counter such sabotage and subversion, he said: “We’re in the fledgling stages of how we deal with it,” he said. “They’re a long way advanced.” ...
