David Shambaugh is one of my favorite authors and lecture speakers on contemporary China. He recently wrote a thought-provoking article on Chinese power, and in it, he made some good points on China being a “partial great power,” overrated by many foreign and domestic pundits. It’s a contrarian view of China, and I don't agree with many of his views, but the article's well-reasoned, and as always, a good read.
Nice article overall. But it doesn't really offer anything new as to why China's path to great power status would fail. It is just a rehash of similar arguments made by many other China-watchers. And some of shortcomings David Shambaugh pointed out are debatable.
China's Refusal to Lead diplomatically
China can't really lead or shape international diplomacy when there is already a leader in the world, the United States. Since there is not much leadership sharing going on especially when it comes to interests that both US and China are competing such as SCS, Cyber-Warfare, Scramble for Africa, Trade protectionism, Bills for Climate Change, it is difficult for China to lead without embroiling itself in a conflict with the current leader.
One could ask the rhetorical question, why is United States so unwilling to share leadership? It strikes me that David's vision of Chinese responsible leadership means following western centric ideals such as interventionism (drive other nations' polices), hard power diplomacy (use pressure to get what it wants). Policies that could potentially compromise China's own national interest or create unintended blowbacks in the future.
China's Narrow-minded and Self-serving Interest
I am not sure about others like David. Personally I am a firm believer that any diplomacy conducted should serve its host nation's interest as the only consideration. Any public goods generated for the rest of world are a nice bonus to have, but they should never override the primary purpose because there are financial and opportunity costs associated with international diplomacy.
Wasting limited resources to solve other people's problem across the world without any foreseeable gains is a folly as those resources could be better invested into projects that actually benefit the nation and its people. Therefore I strongly disagree with David's notion that diplomacy shouldn't be transactional.
Besides providing too much public goods would inevitably result in a free-rider problem as US is currently experiencing in the middle East and Europe where NATO allies, Sandia Arabia and Egypt are essentially relying on US for their national defense.
China's innovation deficits due to lack of democracy
This is probably the biggest problem in David Shambaugh's article. Innovation has more to do with investments in research and education, providing the necessary incentives for innovators and offer low cost development funding than with a political system.
For past twenty years, Chinese economy has grown tremendously which means there will be more investments into R&D and Chinese government can offer more financial incentives to spur innovations. If democracy is sole secret ingredient for innovation, Sputnik and Vostok should never have happened in USSR. So it's still too early to condemn China as a nation full of unimaginative people.
Exodus of Rich Chinese
The rich would go anywhere in the world where they feel their assets are safe from
any governmental tax authorities. They would also move their assets to anywhere they believe there is profit to be made.
Like many other wealthy people, large portion of wealthy Chinese made their fortunate through questionable means or outright corruption so moving assets to offshore tax heaven is prudent. Investing in real estates in Detroit might not be a good idea but some Chinese believe otherwise.
Having a second passport offers added flexibility not only in time of crisis but also in investments as China offers foreign capital more incentives and protection. In other words, it is often more profitable for a Chinese to get a foreign citizenship and then invest his money back into China.
So rich Chinese moving assets away is not really a bump in the path of China's rise, it is just rich people being rich people.
TL;DR
1)China can't lead when there is already a leader.
2)Diplomacy should always serve national interest.
3)Democracy =/= Innovation
4)Rich people are just being rich people.