Beijing’s new banking regulator faces pressing issues, but no dramatic shakeup is needed
Overall levels of debt relative to gross domestic product have risen rapidly over recent years. Corporate SOE debt is of greatest concern. In a socialist market economy guided from the top, banks support national plans. State-owned banks made loans to state-owned companies -- in effect moving money around the national balance sheet -- with the implicit understanding that the state would ensure the loans would be serviced. This appeared to be sovereign exposure, a prudent risk for the banks.
Solving the SOE "problem"
The solution of the SOE debt problem can take two forms. First, "financial engineering" -- stripping bad loans out of SOEs and into asset management companies, and debt-equity swaps. Debt-equity swaps will be used for potentially viable SOEs that can be turned around. These swaps reduce the SOE debt burden, and lower the overall ratio of corporate debt to GDP. But until an SOE is reformed, all that has happened on the books of the lending bank is that a non-earning loan has become a non-earning investment -- the total of nonperforming loans is reduced, but the bank's revenue is not improved, and the potential loss remains. This only buys time.
The real solution of banks' SOE debt problems lies largely outside of the banks' control. Under national reform plans set out in 2013, improving SOE efficiency is a priority. Carrying out this reform will be a massive challenge. Resistance from vested interests and inbred bureaucratic cultures will be formidable. The success or failure of the government's efforts in SOE reform will determine whether debt for equity swaps result in dividends and capital gains for banks, or simply put off the day of reckoning when the asset must be written off.
Despite the obstacles to SOE reform, there is no need for undue pessimism. It was only a decade ago that the state-owned banks were transformed from moribund relics of the planned economy into profitable organizations. Given adequate political will, there is no reason why other SOE sectors could not be similarly turned around.
One path the government could take would be "financialization" of SOE ownership -- along the lines of the financial holding company Central Huijin's ownership of key banks, and akin to the Temasek model of government ownership of corporations in Singapore. If that path is taken, banks acquiring seats on SOE boards of directors could become agents of change as they pressure SOEs to improve efficiency.
Guo, as CBRC chairman, can only facilitate the financial engineering of SOE debts. SOE reform itself is the responsibility of top national leadership. He must, however, address some other pressing issues.
First, the transformation of banks must be driven down from the top tier national banks to the thousands of local banks, which exist in a variety of forms. Some are doing well, but others have major governance and asset quality problems that need to be addressed.
Second, the shadow banking sector has grown rapidly, largely unsupervised. The risks of shadow banking are often exaggerated by observers, but nonetheless, to prevent destabilization of the financial system, possibly with knock-on effects, shadow banking must gradually come under better control.
Third, Chinese banks now lend large amounts to SMEs, but do not yet have the necessary experience and skills to analyze private sector risk properly. This is a much under-recognized long-term weakness. The capabilities of banks in lending to private sector firms, especially SMEs must be upgraded, otherwise we can expect serious NPL problems to arise out of private sector lending.
Fourth, the emergence of China as a world leader in the development of financial technology presents great opportunities, but also risks. Unlike the other challenges already mentioned, China is at the forefront in fintech; there are no models in other countries for it to follow. Fintech lying outside the existing supervision of any of the regulators must be guided so that Chinese companies and individuals realize the benefits, while preventing abuses. How China handles this will be fascinating to watch, and may provide models for the rest of the world.
As the CBRC undertakes these tasks, bear in mind that China's banking authority is not independent. Major initiatives by the CBRC must be supported and coordinated by the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party and the State Council, China's cabinet, which will consider the timing, costs, and benefits of proposed policies and how they impact other national interests.
China is committed to the reform of SOEs and to strengthening the banking sector. But in its usual style, it will be pragmatic, set priorities, proceed cautiously to minimize unanticipated consequences, and roll out reforms at a pace that will not cause disruption.
Reform Chinese-style does not proceed by dramatic "big bangs." It progresses slowly but surely, step by step.
James Stent is the author of "China's Banking Transformation: The Untold Story" (Oxford University Press 2017)