* On the Rolls Royce RB.41 Nene jet engine, the Soviet Union requested them in 1946 from Briton. There's some dispute on actual numbers, some say RR exported 40 units, other say UK government gave away 25 engines.
The Soviets reverse engineered it as the Kilmov RD-45, then later built a larger, improved version called Kilmov VK-1.
In 1958, Whitney Willard Straight, then deputy chairman of Rolls Royce, visited China and examined the MiG-15s, to find that tehy were using reverse-engineered RB.41 engines. When he returned to UK, he instructed RR to file a lawsuit against the Soviet Government for £207 million, which was unpaid.
The Soviets claim that although the VK-1 used designs derived from the RB.41, it incorporated many domestic developments and improvements, and therefore was not a copy of RB.41, thus they were not obliged to pay anything. The VK-1F, for example, had a larger, redesigned combustion chamber, larger turbine, revised airflow, and afterburner. All these features differ from the RB.41.
* On the F-16 & Blackhawk engine incident, Bill Ko-Suen Moo is guilty of illegal purchase, attempt to export without license, and acting as an agent for foreign government without registration. He is, however, not guilty of theft:
China's espionage operations are not like the traditional western ideal of secret agents sneaking into some research facility and walking out with a CDROM. They use a method that has been described as "shotgun" or "sponge". The reason for this is because they're interested in the actual manufacturing technology from the ground up, instead of just the design on some floppy disc. All this make more sense if you consider Deng's modernization priorities.
The "danger" presented to foreign countries in this scenario is not bullets or missiles. It's about the PRC obtaining the manufacturing capability to produce the same item for export at 1/3rd the cost. In the long run, it turns PRC into a manufacturing power house, and previous-manufacturing nations into suppliers of raw materials. That is, imagine in 2020, China export aircraft engines and dress shirts to the US, while the US export raw ore and cotton to China.
To prevent that from happening, it's in their self-interest to pull on China's leg. Think of it as 2 guys going after the same girl, there's nothing fair about "fair play". Just as the FBI will target ethnic Chinese in racial profiling in attempt to find any evidence of espionage, the PRC will continue to purchase/import technology from abroad by whatever the means. What does that mean for us? If you're an ethnic Chinese/Taiwanese living in the US, you're a target for both PRC intelligence gathering efforts, and FBI racial profiling. I'd advice against working in "sensitive" positions like, say, nuclear weapons lab at Los Alamitos. And if you're already working in such a position, to be extra careful.