China ICBM/SLBM, nuclear arms thread

Kalum Pupeter

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Deep in China’s Mountains, a Nuclear Revival Takes Shape​

Satellite imagery of secretive nuclear facilities reveals Beijing’s efforts to expand its arsenal, just as the last global guardrails on nuclear weapons vanish. In the lush, misty valleys of southwest China, satellite imagery reveals the country’s accelerating nuclear buildup, a force designed for a new age of superpower rivalry.

One such valley is known as Zitong, in Sichuan Province, where engineers have been building new bunkers and ramparts. A new complex bristles with pipes, suggesting the facility handles highly hazardous materials. Another valley is home to a double-fenced facility known as Pingtong, where experts believe China is making plutonium-packed cores of nuclear warheads. The main structure, dominated by a 360-foot-high ventilation stack, has been refurbished in recent years with new vents and heat dispersers. More construction is underway next to it. Above the Pingtong facility entrance, a hallmark exhortation of China’s leader, Xi Jinping, appears in characters so large they are visible from space: “Stay true to the founding cause and always remember our mission.”

These are among several secretive nuclear-related sites in Sichuan Province that have expanded and undergone upgrades in recent years.
China’s buildup complicates efforts to revive
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after the expiration of the final remaining nuclear arms treaty between the United States and Russia. Washington argues that any successor agreements must also bind China, but Beijing has shown no interest.
“The changes we see on the ground at these sites align with China’s broader goals of becoming a global superpower. Nuclear weapons are an integral part of that,” said
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, a geospatial intelligence expert who has analyzed satellite images and other visual evidence of the sites and shared his findings with The New York Times.

He likened each nuclear location across China to a piece of a mosaic that, seen as a whole, shows a pattern of rapid growth. “There’s been evolution at all of these sites, but broadly speaking, that change accelerated starting from 2019,” he said.
China’s nuclear expansion has been a growing source of tension with the United States. Thomas G. DiNanno, the State Department’s under secretary for arms control and international security, this month publicly
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“nuclear explosive tests” in contravention of a global moratorium. Beijing
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as untrue, and
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how strong the evidence is for Mr. DiNanno’s assertions.
China had more than
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and is on track to have 1,000 by 2030, according to the Pentagon’s latest annual estimate. China’s stockpile is much smaller than the many thousands held by the United States and Russia, but its growth is still troublesome, said
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, a former State Department official who is now a senior fellow at the Center for Nuclear Security Policy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
“I think without a real dialogue on these topics, which we lack, it’s really hard to say where it’s going, and that, for me, is dangerous,” he said, “because now we’re forced to react and plan around the worst-case interpretation of a concerning trend line.”
The sites in Sichuan
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as part of Mao Zedong’s “Third Front,” a project to shield China’s nuclear weapons production labs and plants from strikes by the United States or the Soviet Union.
Tens of thousands of scientists, engineers and workers labored in secret to carve into the mountainous interior what Danny B. Stillman, an American nuclear scientist who visited the area, later called, in a coauthored book, “an inland nuclear empire.”
When China’s tensions with Washington and Moscow subsided in the 1980s, many “Third Front” nuclear facilities closed or shrank, and often their scientists moved to a new weapons lab in the nearby city of Mianyang. Sites like Pingtong and Zitong continued operating, but change in the years that followed was piecemeal, reflecting China’s policy then of keeping a relatively small nuclear arsenal, said Dr. Babiarz.

That era of restraint faded from about seven years ago. China began rapidly building or upgrading many nuclear weapons facilities, and construction at the sites in Sichuan also accelerated, Dr. Babiarz said. The buildup includes a
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in Mianyang that could be used to study nuclear warheads without detonating actual weapons.

The design of the Pingtong complex suggests that it is being used to make the pits of nuclear warheads — the metal core, usually containing plutonium — according to Dr. Babiarz. He noted that its architecture was similar to that of pit making facilities in other countries, including the Los Alamos National Laboratory in the United States. In Zitong, the new bunkers and ramparts are likely being used to test “high explosives,” experts say, referring to the chemical compounds that detonate to create the conditions for a chain reaction in nuclear materials.

“You have a layer of high explosives and the shock wave at the same time implodes into the center. This needs blast tests to perfect them,” said
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, a physicist who researches China’s nuclear programs at the Kennedy School of Government of Harvard University, who examined Dr. Babiarz’s findings. The complex includes an oval area about the size of 10 basketball courts. The precise objective of these upgrades remains a subject of debate. Dr. Zhang said satellite imagery alone offers limited information. “We don’t know how many warheads have been produced, but we just see the plant expansion,” he said.

Some of the recent changes may simply reflect upgrades for safety, said Dr. Zhang, the
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, ‘The Untold Story of China’s Nuclear Weapon Development and Testing.’ Chinese nuclear engineers may also need more facilities and test areas at Zitong to modify warhead designs for new weapons, such as submarine-launched missiles, he said.

One major concern for Washington is how this larger, more modern arsenal might change China’s behavior in a crisis, particularly over Taiwan. China wants to be “in the position where they believe they’re largely immune from nuclear coercion by the United States,” said
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, a former U.S. deputy assistant secretary of defense for China who is now a senior political scientist at RAND. “I think they probably judge that could come into play in a conventional conflict over Taiwan.”

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FKAMtS4kE

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A magnitude of Mb=2.7 corresponds to about 18 tons of yield at China's Lop Nor test site. If the explosion was fully decoupled that would correspond to about 400-700 tons of TNT. Again, these are very small events, relatively speaking. (Nagasaki was ~20,000 tons.)
BREAKING: Assistant Sec State for Arms Control Christopher Yeaw has revealed new seismic data that hinted the Chinese had conducted a nuclear test and taken steps to hide it from the outside world. This is the event: 0918 Zulu/Kazakhstan PS23/around 2.7 magnitude
 

FKAMtS4kE

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.
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responds to continued controversy over US allegations and specific info given today by
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on a 2020 secret Chinese low-yield nuclear test in the hundreds of tons:

“At the specific time of 9:18am UTC, on 22 June 2020, the CTBTO's International Monitoring System (IMS) detected two very small seismic events, 12 seconds apart. The location of these events was in the vicinity of 40.65N; 89.22E and 41.08N; 89.63E.

The IMS is currently capable of identifying events consistent with nuclear test explosions with a yield equivalent to or greater than approximately 500 tonnes of TNT. These two events were far below that level. As a result, with this data alone, it is not possible to assess the cause of these events with confidence.”

❌
Independent experts at NOSAR, a Norwegian organization that monitors for nuclear testing say the reading at the Kazakh site (PS 23) was NOT clear enough to rule out a natural event. Analysis is ongoing.
 

RoastGooseHKer

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If you want to restart nuclear test, just make up a good lie (or partial lie) that your rival started first.

However, folks couldn’t see facts that a resumption of nuclear tests and unconstrained buildup would benefit China FAR MORE than any other nuclear powers. In fact, since China’s high speed rail construction industry is near saturation, all those construction firms and capacities could be diverted to Nop Nur to dig underground tunnels. Cement and steel companies could be given new opportunities to build new PLARF underground facilities needed to house thousands of nukes. So a resumption of nuclear tests could help China keep many infrastructure construction jobs destined to be lost soon. Also, Chinese has the industrial capacity to carry out hundreds of nuclear tests (like the US in the 1950s) should it choose to and use such critical data for all purposes. This in turn would create the scale of economy that China’s nuclear industry needs in order to be profitable. Overall, a resumption of unlimited nuclear arms race could bring about the very Keynesian economic boom that China’s infrastructure construction and nuclear industries need to prevent further job losses and bankruptcies. Albeit China’s debt problem could worsen significantly in the process just like how the current US debts started under the War on Terror.
 
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Totoro

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Not only that but china did like 50 tests by 1996. US did a 1000 tests by 1992. With each successive test you get diminished info value.
So if everyone gets to continue testing, china gets a lot more to learn and gain than US with additional, say 100 or 200 tests.

Its actually in US interest not to give anyone else excuse to test. Even if china was doing it secretly on its own, it still makes sense for US not to open the testing floodgate because secret tests must be done seldomly if they are to remain secret and deniable. If to remain deniable and secret, china probably can't do more than several in a decade. And they must remain tiny yield tests which arent nearly as valuable as larger scale tests. So US advantage in test information is still likely to remain pretty big, for as long as testing is only occasional and of tiny yield.
 

Kalec

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A deeply ironic and amusing conclusion drawn from this farce is that every media presumed it was gigahappening, yet in reality, it's merely the tip of the iceberg.

This “test” was most likely conducted in the Tunnel 5, where massive amounts of soil were excavated between 2017 and 2021. Now we finally understand the purpose behind that extensive soil removal.

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However, the new round of tunnel and shaft excavations commencing in 2021 leads one to speculate that China has preemptively hedged against a potential U.S. reaction after realizing the significance of the 2020 event. They likely anticipated the need for shafts capable of accommodating large yields, preparing for either a full-yield or a 150kt reduced-yield test. Yet it wasn't until 2026 that the U.S. fully grasped or rather, became absolutely certain of what had actually transpired back then.
 
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