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一战扬威 新中国三次击落美国无人侦察机内幕2007年01月08日 星期一 00:59 新中国诞生后不久，为窃取中国大陆的重要战略情报，美国中央情报局驻台机构与国民党空军情报署经过密谋，成立空军飞行中队，派间谍飞机对中国大陆进行低空侦察。
美台的低空飞行遭到中国解放军空军战机的严密拦截，于是，美蒋再度联手成立了所谓的“黑猫中队”，配备当时最先进的RB-57型和有“黑寡妇”之称的U-2型高空侦察机，并秘密选派台湾飞行员赴美参加训练。
1957年12月，在美国中央情报局的直接策划下，美国高空侦察机频繁出入中国华北和西北等地，拍摄了大量中国正在建造的军事设施和其他重要战略目标的照片。据不完全统计，仅仅1958年，U-2飞机就滋扰中国大陆近10次。
美国高空侦察机的飞行高度大大超出了当时中国空军装备的歼击机的飞行高度，中国炮兵最先进的100毫米高射炮也不能射击如此高的飞行器，很长一段时间内，美国高空侦察机在中国大陆上空肆意飞行，如入无人之境，中国空军一度陷入比较尴尬的境地。
美国这种高空侦察同样也在苏联上空进行。自从1955年苏联拒绝美国在日内瓦高峰会上提出的“开放天空”倡议以来，美国人每年都要派高空侦察机到苏联上空溜达几回。苏联和中国一样，都窝了一肚子火，但又都苦于当时技不如人。于是，两国一面在外交上抗议，一面在军事上勤学苦练。1958年，苏制萨姆-2型导弹研制成功后，陆续运往中国和古巴等地。那是一种依靠雷达制导的地对空导弹，专门为击落高空飞行器而设计。
新的武器装备很快发挥了作用。1959年10月7日，中国人民解放军刚成立不久的防空导弹部队二营使用这种导弹，在京津地区上空击落1架由台湾飞行员驾驶的美制RB-57高空侦察机。1960年5月1日，美军U-2飞机在巴伦支海上空被苏联导弹击落，飞行员鲍尔斯被俘。这是U-2飞机首次被击落。1962年9月9日，中国部队的导弹二营再度出击，在南昌市郊区上空也击落了一架U-2高空侦察机。1962年10月27日上午，U-2高空侦察机侵入古巴领空，被刚刚运到古巴、尚未来得及调试的萨姆-2导弹再次击落，驾驶员美国空军少校安德森身亡。这一下，美国最先进的高空侦察机再也无法像以前那么逍遥自在了，在中国领空的高空侦察活动一下子收敛了许多。
美国优秀飞行员屡屡被俘和阵亡终于把无人侦察机提上了日程。美国国内舆论普遍认为，培养一名优秀的高空侦察机飞行员非常不容易。于是，“萤火虫”无人机诞生了。
“萤火虫”无人机是美国瑞安公司在原“火蜂”式靶机的基础上改装而成的。其主要用途是模拟敌方飞机和导弹等战术威胁，以进行战备训练。最初的“萤火虫”型无人侦察机通体是黑色，所以外号称“黑小姐”。机身长近8米，头部装有高空侦察照相机，飞行高度16800米，最大航速为900多公里/小时，雷达不易发现，对之攻击也相对困难。1963年7月，美国空军组建了第4028战略侦察中队，直接负责无人侦察机的工作。
无人机设计和制造的最初用意是替代U-2高空侦察机完成在古巴的侦察任务，但是“古巴导弹危机”迅速收场。于是，美国空军参谋长柯蒂斯·李梅将军出于战略考虑决定晚一点使用这些“黑小姐”。这些“黑小姐”们本该继续躲在重重帷幕后过上几年轻闲日子，然而，不久后，越南战争的战火却把她们带到了日本冲绳的嘉手纳空军基地。
接着，“黑小姐”最先在中国大陆投入工作。面对这种威胁，毛泽东主席亲自点将，命令海军航空兵南下，准备抗击入侵挑衅的美军战机。经过一系列复杂的试验后，约翰逊总统和五角大楼终于都同意将“萤火虫”无人侦察机投入实战，而其首选地点就是中国大陆。
1964年8月20日上午10时左右，美国两架型号为“萤火虫”147B的无人高空侦察机由“大力神”运输机挂载从基地起飞，开始了它们的“处女之行”。当运输机飞至中国边境南海上空时，“大力神”运输机将挂载的“萤火虫”147B用火箭推出。由于是第一次发射，一架无人机由于故障未被弹出无缘此次飞行，另一架脱离母机后，按预定航线自动摄影侦察，入海南岛，经南宁、厦门等地兜了一圈后出中国大陆，在台湾被回收。但回收却出了岔子，无人机并没能按照预编程序，返回指定区域，相反飘落到了一片稻田中。降落过程中，飞机与地面激烈摩擦，机身严重受损，但机上的照片等资料和机上所载仪器却完好无损。
10月上旬，为了扩大对越南北部和中国的侦察活动，美国将“萤火虫”无人机的基地从日本冲绳迁往南越的岘港空军基地，并运进大量147B型无人机。1966年后，“萤火虫”无人机开始取代U-2高空侦察机担当起在北越、中国甚至朝鲜的高空侦察、监视、目标探测、电子窃听、电台干扰、电子信息传播、发传单以及作为诱饵诱使对方防空系统启动等重任。
起初，中国空军指战员并不知道无人机为何物，只看见这种飞机颜色很暗，机身比普通歼击机小，飞行时发出一种凄厉的怪叫，飞行员们给它起了个外号叫“黑乌鸦”，这比美国人起的“黑小姐”更为形象。1964年9月至11月，“黑乌鸦”连续4次入侵中国领空，由于中国空军对其性能和活动特点不甚了解，虽多次出动歼击机拦截，都未能打下。9月29日，中国空军一架歼-7飞机在1.8万米高空发现无人机，发射一枚空对空导弹，因距离过远而未能命中目标。10月13日，中国空军一架歼-6飞机，在1.76万米高空发现“黑乌鸦”，
飞行员虽开足马力拼命追击，但是炮弹打完也未击中要害，只能眼睁睁看着“黑乌鸦”扬长而去。
中国空军指战员在分析失利原因时受到汽车“冲坡”原理的启发，认为要打下“黑乌鸦”，中方歼击机必须快速升高瞄准射击，并要在近距离攻击方能奏效。这要求时机准确，但飞机在高空跃升容易失速，既危险，又有难度。
1964年11月15日，中国空军第一师飞行员、中队长徐开通驾驶歼-6机在海口东南上空拦截“黑乌鸦”。他在距离无人机300米处时，果断对准无人机腹部的发动机喷口，从230米一直打到140米，连击3次，炮弹直穿发动机，“黑乌鸦”首次命丧他乡。旗开得胜后，中国空军信心倍增，一路捷报频传，在接下来的一年之内，总共有9架“黑乌鸦”被击落。1966年2月7日，“黑乌鸦”又从云南侵入中国境内。空军飞行员冯全民驾驶的歼-7飞机紧跟敌机不放，迅速将其击落，创造了世界空战史上第一次在高空高速条件下用机上火炮击落无人机的先例。一下子，“黑乌鸦”侵扰中国的活动明显减少，从年均22架次下降到5架次左右。但中国飞行员发现打下无人机越来越困难了。
被美军引以为豪的无人机接连被中国空军击落，这让美国军方大为光火。在美国空军的强大压力下，瑞安公司只好对“萤火虫”无人机的性能不断加以改进，先后推出了28种改型机。这些飞机与它们的“前辈”相比，不仅飞得更高、更远，看得更清楚了，而且也更“聪明”了。
此外，美军还调整了无人侦察机的飞行模式，使飞行航线由平直飞行变成曲折、多转
弯的飞行，以加大中国空军的拦截难度。瑞安公司技术人员不无得意地宣称：“让米格飞机望‘无人机’兴叹的时代已经来临。”美国空军也自我吹嘘新“萤火虫”侦察机为“世界一流的无人侦察机”。
为了干扰中国空军的拦截，美军还想出了一个阴险的方法——使用147N型“诱饵”无人机。147N并不具备侦察功能，它总是和无人侦察机一起发射，到达预定空域时就与侦察机分道扬镳，然后迅速加速逃窜，引诱对方歼击机追击。它的惯用伎俩是一旦被盯上，就把尾随的歼击机往大海上空引，并不断变换飞行模式，让“盯梢者”疲于奔命。据说有一次，一架越南空军战斗机因为紧咬住147N不放，结果燃料耗尽坠入海中。147N飞行速度很快，如果逃跑成功可以回收使用，如果不成也帮助了真正的无人侦察机，由于其功效显著以及高达80%的损毁率，147N型无人机曾一度供不应求。
“萤火虫”无人机性能的改进给中国空军的拦截造成了新的困难。一是当中方歼击机爬升到与“萤火虫”相当的高度时，速度就会慢于敌机，不能接近射击；二是在这个高度上歼击机由于速度慢，抖动过于厉害，难以瞄准敌机；三是无人机航线曲折多变，跟踪困难。
然而道高一尺，魔高一丈。虽然美军新型无人机的侦察飞行得逞了几次，但其活动特点和规律也被中国空军摸透，他们发现无人机的飞行程序是事先设定的，无法更改，这样就可以推算出无人机的航线，在其必经之路上布下埋伏，等着“猎物”自己送上门。这个发现等于掐住了这些“空中飞贼”的“咽喉”。
中国空军的新战术很快收到了效果，1968年3月22日，中国空军导弹二营在广西宁明地区上空击落美军无人机一架，首开用地空导弹击落高空无人机的纪录。
此后，中国空军连战连捷，又击落美军无人机2架，并创造了用老式战斗机击落无人机的传奇战例。1970年2月10日上午9时左右，海南陵水机场突然警铃大作，雷达发现有敌机入侵海南。海军航空兵某部飞行员周新成和祁德起立即驾驶歼-5战机起飞迎敌。两人起飞三四分钟后就发现了目标，然而亚音速的歼-5战斗机(仿制苏联在20世纪40年代末研制的米格17战斗机)在战斗中只能飞到1.6万米高度，两人却发现“萤火虫”正在1.8万米的高空悠然飞行，根本无法靠近，但是已经熟悉无人机飞行特点的中国飞行员并未着急，他们知道，无人机很快便会降低高度。两人驾机跟踪了一段时间后，“萤火虫”果然开始按预定程序降低了高度准备加速逃离，一下就落入歼-5的火力范围内。周新成抓住这个绝好机会连开数炮，击中敌机尾部，“萤火虫”顿时变成了“着火虫”，拖着长长的火舌一头栽进了海南岛五指山的一片森林中。
至此，中国空军共击落美国“萤火虫”无人驾驶高空侦察机20架。此后，美国基本上停止了使用“萤火虫”无人机对中国的侦察。但美军并没有就此收手，很快，更加隐蔽的侦察活动又开始了。
1965年4月，中国政府向世界展示三架被击落的美国“萤火虫”无人机残骸，以揭示美军侵犯中国领空、非法侦察中国的阴谋。
这一现象曝光后，诸多记者纷纷追问关于美国“萤火虫”无人机的秘密，美国空军总是以一句冷冰冰的“无可奉告”来搪塞。
属于最先进、最保密和采用时间最长的美军武器系统之一。其一切行动都由位于美国内布拉斯加州奥弗特空军基地的战略空军司令部总部掌控，就连美国在南越的空军司令部都无权染指。这种机密程度使得无人机与有人机侦察手段相互配合，但是，高度机密性使其在一线作战部队中的利用率受到大大地限制。
1970年下半年，为营救关押在越南北部战俘营里的美军士兵，“萤火虫”无人机多次对该战俘营展开侦察，其“事迹”开始见诸报端，这时“萤火虫”系列无人侦察机的秘密才被公布于众。美国《航空周刊》在当年11月份刊文简单介绍了“萤火虫”无人机的情况，此后美国空军也开始陆续公布一些无人机的照片。但当时越战还没有结束，详细资料并未全部公开，公众对无人机也顶多有个粗略认识。
此时，由于“萤火虫”在中国屡遭败绩，美军已决定停止对中国大陆的侦察，同时，随着越南战争的不断升级，“萤火虫”对越南北部的侦察次数却在成倍增长，单单1972年一年，无人机担任的侦察任务就高达570次。即使在美国与越南签订和平协定之后，美国也以“监督和平协定执行”为借口，侦察活动仍然有增无减。
到1975年美军撤出越南为止，“萤火虫”无人机一共在中国、越南、朝鲜以及东南亚各国执行了3435次任务，其中使用最多的147C型无人机共完成1651次任务，拍摄了1.45亿张照片，其中多数是有人飞机无法侦察的严密设防目标。最好的一架绰号为“汤姆猫”的147H型无人机则在高空完成了68次任务后才被击落。“萤火虫”无人机的最后一次任务是在1975年6月2日由一架147TF完成的，之后，“萤火虫”被送入美军机库保存。
“萤火虫”被封存，与其在侦察时的损失率是有关系的。整个越战期间共有578架“萤火虫”无人机因各种原因损坏，其中251架被证实是被对手火力打击而坠毁，另有83架是在回收过程中损失的，还有不少无人机损失是因为训练以及故障所造成的。
在越战结束后不久，美国空军进行了重组。重组过程中战略空军司令部将无人侦察机的控制权移交给战术空军司令部。不久，在战斗机飞行员占上风的战术空军司令部，无人机大队遭到裁撤。直到上世纪90年代，美国空军才开始重新恢复无人机部队的编制。
光阴荏苒，越战结束后，当年曾经参与过“萤火虫”无人机研制生产以及曾遥控指挥过无人机的相关人员陆续撰写回忆录，报章杂志也常常会出现一些介绍越战前后美国使用无人机侦察中国和越南的文字。逐渐地，这些片言只语使所有人都了解到了无人机侦察的全貌。那些掩藏在扑朔迷离史实背后的深层次秘密也被人慢慢揭晓。
在整个越战期间，无人驾驶侦察机.
来源:环球时报
Sorry. Google Translation
battle won in New China shot down U.S. unmanned reconnaissance aircraft three times Insider
January 8, 2007 Monday, 00:59Soon after the birth of new China, in order to steal China's important strategic intelligence, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, the Air Force stationed in Taiwan KMT's intelligence agencies and the Department was plotting to set up the Air Force flying squadrons, sending spy planes to conduct low-altitude surveillance in mainland China.
The United States and Taiwan by the Chinese People's Liberation Army of the low-flying Air Force fighters to intercept tight, so, once again America and Chiang set up jointly by the so-called "Black Cat Squadron," equipped with the most advanced of the RB-57 type and the "Black Widow," said U - -2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft, and secretly selected pilots from Taiwan to the United States for training.
In December 1957, the direct planning in the United States Central Intelligence Agency, the U.S. high-altitude reconnaissance frequent-North China and Northwest and other places, shooting a lot of China is the construction of military facilities and other key strategic objectives of the photo. According to incomplete statistics, only in 1958, U-2 plane on the Chinese mainland for nearly 10 times the nuisance.
The U.S. high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft flight altitude was much larger than the Chinese Air Force fighter altitude equipment, China's most advanced 100-mm artillery anti-aircraft guns could not shoot such a high aircraft, a very long period of time, the U.S. high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft in China over the wanton flight, if unhindered,Chinese Air ForceOnce caught in a rather awkward position.
Also in the U.S. This high-altitude reconnaissance over the Soviet Union carried out. Since 1955, the Soviet Union rejected a U.S. summit in Geneva's "open skies" initiative since the Americans every year to send high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft to the Soviet Union several times over the stroll. Like the Soviet Union and China, have had a stomach nest fire, but they are all struggling at that time were less. Thus, the two countries on the one hand in the diplomatic protests, while on military Qinxuekulian. In 1958, Soviet-made SA--2 type of missile was successfully developed, the succession to China and Cuba and other places. It was a radar-guided surface-to rely on specially designed for the shooting down of high-altitude aircraft.
The new weapons and equipment quickly to play a role. October 7, 1959, the Chinese peoplePeople's Liberation ArmyNewly established anti-aircraft missile units two battalions to use this missile shot down in Beijing and Tianjin over the area from a US-made Taiwanese pilots RB-57 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft. May 1, 1960, the U.S. U-2 aircraft in the Barents sea air missiles, the Soviet Union shot down, pilots captured Powers. This is the first time in U-2 plane was shot down. September 9, 1962, the Chinese army's missile attack again two camps in the suburbs of Nanchang City also shot down over a U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft. October 27, 1962 morning, U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft violated Cuban airspace and was just shipped to Cuba, has not yet had time to debug again, Sam -2 missile shot down, pilot killed in the U.S. Air Force Major Anderson. This is what the United States the most advanced high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft can no longer be so unaffected as before, and in China's high-altitude airspace surveillance activities at once convergence a lot.
The United States has repeatedly captured and killed in an outstanding pilot unmanned reconnaissance aircraft finally put on the agenda. U.S. domestic public opinion generally believes that cultivating a good high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft pilot was not easy. As a result, "Firefly" unmanned aerial vehicles was born.
"Firefly" unmanned aerial vehicles in the United States Ryan, the original "Fire Bee" type drone based on the converted. Its main purpose is to simulate enemy aircraft and missiles, tactical threat, to conduct readiness training. The original "Firefly" type unmanned reconnaissance aircraft quintana is black, so things known as "the black lady." Fuselage nearly 8 meters long, the head is equipped with high-altitude surveillance cameras, and 16.8 thousand meters altitude, maximum speed of more than 900 kilometers / hour, radar, undetected, for the attack is also relatively difficult. In July 1963, the USAF established the 4028th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron, is directly responsible for unmanned reconnaissance work.
The initial design and manufacture of unmanned aircraft is intended to replace U-2 high altitude reconnaissance aircraft to complete the reconnaissance mission in Cuba, but "the Cuban missile crisis" ended quickly. As a result, Air Force Chief of Staff, General Curtis Li Mei decided to come later because of strategic considerations, the use of these "black lady." These "black lady" who continue to hide behind the heavy curtain that had a few years after the Qing Xian days, however, shortly after the Vietnam War, they brought the war Queba Okinawa, Japan, Kadena Air Base.
Then, the "black lady" was first in mainland China to work. The face of this threat, Chairman Mao Zedong point, command the naval air south, ready to provoke a U.S. military aircraft to fight the invasion. After a series of complex tests, President Johnson and the Pentagon finally agreed to "Firefly" unmanned reconnaissance aircraft into combat, while its preferred location is to mainland China.
At 10 o'clock on August 20, 1964 about the United States two models as "Firefly" 147B of the unmanned high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft by the "Hercules" cargo plane took off from the base mount and began their "maiden trip." When the transport plane flying over the South China Sea to the Chinese border, the "Hercules" cargo plane will be mounted the "Firefly" 147B rocket launch. Because it is the first launch of a UAV is not due to failure pop-up missed the flight, another flight from the machine tool, press the scheduled route automatic camera detection, into the Hainan Island, via Nanning, Xiamen and other places have come full circle after the out of China, in Taiwan was recovered. But the recovery was out of sour, unmanned aerial vehicles did not in accordance with pre-programmed, return to designated areas, on the contrary found their way into a rice field. Descent, the aircraft's intense friction with the ground, severely damaged the fuselage, but the machine such as the photographs contained in the information and aircraft equipment are intact.
In early October, in order to expand in northern Vietnam and China's surveillance activities, the United States would "Firefly" UAV base in Okinawa, Japan moved from South Vietnam's Da Nang air base and brought in a large number of 147B-based UAV. In 1966, the "Firefly" unmanned aerial vehicles began to replace U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft to assume in North Vietnam, China and even North Korea's high-altitude reconnaissance, surveillance, target detection, electronic eavesdropping, radio interference, the electronic dissemination of information, leaflets as well as bait induce each other's air defense system to start and so heavy.
Initially, the Chinese Air Force officers and men did not know why things UAVs have only seen a very dark color of this aircraft, the fuselage fighter smaller than normal flight, when the Guaijiao send a mournful, pilots have to give it played nicknamed "Black Crow", which played more than the Americans "black lady" is more the image. In September 1964 to 11 months, "Black Crow" continuous four times intruded into Chinese airspace, due to its performance and activities of the Chinese Air Force features do not quite understand, though on many occasions sent fighters to intercept, have failed to lay. September 29, the Chinese Air Force F--7 a high-altitude aircraft in the 18,000 meters found in unmanned aerial vehicles, launched an air-missiles, because the distance too far failed to hit the target. October 13, an F--6 Chinese Air Force plane was found in 17.6 thousand meters altitude "Black Crow",
Although the full capacity hard chase pilots, but the shells had not kick down the blunt instrument, and can only watch "Black Crow" and sped away.
Chinese Air Force officers and men lost in the analysis of the reason for being car "red slope" theory of inspiration that to lay the "black crows", the Chinese fighter that must be quickly increased target shooting, and to attack can only work at close range. This requires precise timing, but jumped easy to stall the aircraft at high altitude is dangerous and there are difficulties.
November 15, 1964, the Chinese Air Force pilot, First Division, squadron leader, Xu J -6 machine opening drive south-east over the sea to intercept the "black crow." He was 300 meters away from the UAV when the UAV decisive alignment of the engine vents the abdomen, from the 230-meter has hit 140 meters, batter three times, shells straight wear engines, "Black Crow" the first loss of life Abroad . Hit the ground running, the Chinese air force's confidence, the way every success in the next year, a total of 9 "Black Crow" was shot down. February 7, 1966, "Black Crow" and from Yunnan, China invaded. Air Force pilots Feng Jian -7 universal driving followed by enemy aircraft, and hold fast to bring them down to create the first time in the history of the world's air speed at high altitude conditions, with the machine gun to shoot down unmanned aerial vehicles precedent. At once, "Black Crow" intrusive activities in China significantly reduced, from an average of 22 sorties down to around five sorties. However, the Chinese pilots found it increasingly difficult to lay the UAV.
The U.S. military UAV proud of the Chinese air force shot down after another, allowing the U.S. military was furious. Under great pressure from the U.S. Air Force, Ryan's had on the "Firefly" continuously improve the performance of unmanned aerial vehicles, has introduced 28 kinds of modification machines. These aircraft and their "predecessors" in comparison not only to fly higher, farther, see more clearly, but also more "smart" the.
In addition, the U.S. military has adjusted its unmanned reconnaissance plane's flight pattern, so that the flight route from flying straight into a tortuous, multi-turn
Curved flight in order to increase the difficulty of the Chinese air force to intercept. Ryan's technical staff, not without proudly declared: "Let's hope MiG aircraft 'UAV' sigh of the time has come." U.S. Air Force also boast the new "Firefly" reconnaissance plane "world-class unmanned reconnaissance aircraft."
In order to interfere with the Chinese air force to intercept, the U.S. military would like out of a sinister way - using the 147N type "bait" UAV. 147N does not have the surveillance function, it is always and unmanned reconnaissance aircraft with the launch of scheduled arrival airspace when parted ways with the reconnaissance plane, and then quickly speed up the escape, to lure the other fighter chase. Its modus operandi was once locked in, put the fighter into the sea trailing over the quoted and constantly changing flight patterns so that "stalking are" constantly on the run. Said to have once a Vietnam Air Force fighter because of bite to live 147N link, and the results of running out of fuel crashed into the sea. 147N flying very fast, if succeeded in escaping and can be recycled to use, if fragmentation has also helped the real unmanned reconnaissance aircraft, because of its remarkable efficacy, as well as up to 80% of the damage rate, 147N UAV once in short supply.
"Firefly" unmanned aerial vehicles to improve the performance of the interceptor to the Chinese Air Force creates new difficulties. The first fighter to climb into the Chinese side and the "Firefly" considerable height, the speed will be slower than the enemy can not be near the fire; two fighters at this height due to slow, jitter is too severe, difficult to target enemy aircraft; third, UAV route twists and turns volatile and difficult to track.
However, Tao Bearing in mind that. While the new U.S. military unmanned reconnaissance flights succeeded several times, but the characteristics and laws of its activities by the Chinese air force also find out about, they found that UAV's flight program is pre-set, can not be changed, so that one can calculate the UAV route, the only way planted in their ambush waiting to "prey" to send their own door. This finding is equal to pinching of these "air Irma" and "throat."
The Chinese Air Force's new tactical quickly received the results, March 22, 1968, the Chinese Air Force missile two camps over the area in the Canton Xining Ming shot down a U.S. unmanned aerial vehicles, the first open-air missile to shoot down high-altitude UAV with a record .
Since then, the Chinese Air Force Lien Chan Lian Jie, but also the U.S. military shot down two unmanned aerial vehicles, and created the old-fashioned fighter UAV shot down by the legendary wars. At 9:00 on February 10, 1970 about the sudden alarm bells in Lingshui airport in Hainan, the radar detected enemy invasion of Hainan. Unit of the naval air force pilots of weeks since the new KI Tak-shing and immediately flew F -5 fighter off the opposition head on. They took off 34 minutes after the target was found, however, the F -5 subsonic aircraft (imitation Soviet Union in the late 20th century, 40 MiG-17 fighter developed) in the battle can only fly 16 thousand meters high, the two , found that "Firefly" is an altitude of 18,000 meters leisurely flight, simply can not close, but are already familiar with the characteristics of Chinese pilots flying UAVs do not worry, they know, unmanned aerial vehicles will soon reduce the height. The two flew to track a period of time, the "Firefly" turned out to embark on the scheduled programs reduce the height is ready to accelerate to escape, what would fall within the scope of firepower F -5. Zhou Xin-Cheng seize this golden opportunity to even open a few guns, hit the enemy aircraft tail, "Firefly" suddenly become "the Huo Chong", dragging a long tongues of fire are drawn into the Hainan Island Fingers a forest.
So far, the Chinese Air Force shot down the U.S. "Firefly" unmanned high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft 20. Since then, the U.S. basically stopped using the "Firefly" unmanned aerial vehicles for surveillance of China. But the U.S. military has not this close hand, and soon, more covert surveillance activities are started.
In April 1965, the Chinese government to show the world that three were shot down by the United States "Firefly," UAV wreckage in order to reveal the U.S. violation of Chinese airspace, illegal spying on China in the UN.
This phenomenon came to light, many journalists have asked about the U.S. "Firefly," the secret of UAVs the Air Force is always with a cold "no comment" to stall.
Are among the most advanced, most confidential and the use of U.S. weapons systems, the longest one. All of its actions by the Nebraska Aofu Te in the United States Air Force Base Strategic Air Command Headquarters, control, and even the United States in South Vietnam's Air Force Command has the right to encroach. This confidentiality allows UAVs and manned aircraft reconnaissance methods complement each other, but a high degree of confidentiality so that the front-line combat forces are greatly restricted the utilization rate.
1970, in the second half, in order to rescue prisoners of war held in camps in northern Vietnam, U.S. soldiers, "Firefly" unmanned aerial vehicle to carry out surveillance on many occasions in the POW camp, their "stories" began to hit the newspapers, when "Firefly" series of non - the secret surveillance of people were released to the public. The United States, "Aviation Week" in November that year published an article a brief introduction of the "Firefly" UAV situation, since the Air Force also began to publish the photographs of some unmanned aerial vehicles. But at that time the Vietnam War is not over, not all the details of the public, the public is also at most UAVs have a rough understanding.
At this point, because of "Firefly" In China, repeated defeat, the U.S. military has decided to stop surveillance in mainland China at the same time, with the continuing escalation of the Vietnam War, "Firefly" on reconnaissance in northern Vietnam, the number has doubled and redoubled in the mere In 1972 year, the UAV as a reconnaissance missions as high as 570 times. Even in the United States and Vietnam signed a peace agreement, the United States also "monitor the implementation of the Peace Agreement" as an excuse to surveillance activities continue unabated.
1975 until the withdrawal of U.S. troops in Vietnam, "Firefly" UAV total in China, Vietnam, Korea, and Southeast Asian countries in implementing the 3435 missions, including the use of the most 147C UAV completed a total of 1651 missions, shot 1.45 100 million photos, most of them reconnaissance aircraft will be able to close some fortified targets. The best one nicknamed "Tom Cat" in 147H in the high-altitude UAV completed 68 missions before being shot down. "Firefly" unmanned aerial vehicles last task is to June 2, 1975 by a 147TF completed, after which "Firefly" was sent to save the U.S. military hangar.
"Firefly" was sealed, and their loss rate in detecting when there is a relationship. A total of 578 during the entire Vietnam War, "Firefly" unmanned aerial vehicle is damaged due to various reasons, of which 251 were confirmed as opponents firepower and crashed, and another 83 are lost in the recycling process, and there are many that no one Machine loss is because the training as well as failures caused by.
Shortly after the end of the Vietnam War, the U.S. Air Force was reorganized. Strategic Air Command, the reorganization process control of unmanned reconnaissance aircraft will be transferred to the Tactical Air Command. Soon, the upper hand in the Tactical Air Command fighter pilots, unmanned aerial vehicles the brigade had been abolished. Until the last century, 90 years, the U.S. Air Force unmanned aerial vehicle began to regain its force strength.
Time goes by, the Vietnam War after the end of the year has taken part in "Firefly" unmanned aerial vehicle development and production, as well as remote control over unmanned aerial vehicles have been related personnel gradually write his memoirs, newspapers and magazines often show some before and after the Vietnam War the United States introduced the use of unmanned aircraft reconnaissance in China and Vietnam text. Gradually, these pieces a word so that all people are aware of the whole picture of the UAV reconnaissance. Those historical facts hidden in the mysterious secrets behind the deep-seated, are being gradually revealed.
Throughout the Vietnam War, an unmanned reconnaissance aircraft.
Source: Global Times
美台的低空飞行遭到中国解放军空军战机的严密拦截，于是，美蒋再度联手成立了所谓的“黑猫中队”，配备当时最先进的RB-57型和有“黑寡妇”之称的U-2型高空侦察机，并秘密选派台湾飞行员赴美参加训练。
1957年12月，在美国中央情报局的直接策划下，美国高空侦察机频繁出入中国华北和西北等地，拍摄了大量中国正在建造的军事设施和其他重要战略目标的照片。据不完全统计，仅仅1958年，U-2飞机就滋扰中国大陆近10次。
美国高空侦察机的飞行高度大大超出了当时中国空军装备的歼击机的飞行高度，中国炮兵最先进的100毫米高射炮也不能射击如此高的飞行器，很长一段时间内，美国高空侦察机在中国大陆上空肆意飞行，如入无人之境，中国空军一度陷入比较尴尬的境地。
美国这种高空侦察同样也在苏联上空进行。自从1955年苏联拒绝美国在日内瓦高峰会上提出的“开放天空”倡议以来，美国人每年都要派高空侦察机到苏联上空溜达几回。苏联和中国一样，都窝了一肚子火，但又都苦于当时技不如人。于是，两国一面在外交上抗议，一面在军事上勤学苦练。1958年，苏制萨姆-2型导弹研制成功后，陆续运往中国和古巴等地。那是一种依靠雷达制导的地对空导弹，专门为击落高空飞行器而设计。
新的武器装备很快发挥了作用。1959年10月7日，中国人民解放军刚成立不久的防空导弹部队二营使用这种导弹，在京津地区上空击落1架由台湾飞行员驾驶的美制RB-57高空侦察机。1960年5月1日，美军U-2飞机在巴伦支海上空被苏联导弹击落，飞行员鲍尔斯被俘。这是U-2飞机首次被击落。1962年9月9日，中国部队的导弹二营再度出击，在南昌市郊区上空也击落了一架U-2高空侦察机。1962年10月27日上午，U-2高空侦察机侵入古巴领空，被刚刚运到古巴、尚未来得及调试的萨姆-2导弹再次击落，驾驶员美国空军少校安德森身亡。这一下，美国最先进的高空侦察机再也无法像以前那么逍遥自在了，在中国领空的高空侦察活动一下子收敛了许多。
美国优秀飞行员屡屡被俘和阵亡终于把无人侦察机提上了日程。美国国内舆论普遍认为，培养一名优秀的高空侦察机飞行员非常不容易。于是，“萤火虫”无人机诞生了。
“萤火虫”无人机是美国瑞安公司在原“火蜂”式靶机的基础上改装而成的。其主要用途是模拟敌方飞机和导弹等战术威胁，以进行战备训练。最初的“萤火虫”型无人侦察机通体是黑色，所以外号称“黑小姐”。机身长近8米，头部装有高空侦察照相机，飞行高度16800米，最大航速为900多公里/小时，雷达不易发现，对之攻击也相对困难。1963年7月，美国空军组建了第4028战略侦察中队，直接负责无人侦察机的工作。
无人机设计和制造的最初用意是替代U-2高空侦察机完成在古巴的侦察任务，但是“古巴导弹危机”迅速收场。于是，美国空军参谋长柯蒂斯·李梅将军出于战略考虑决定晚一点使用这些“黑小姐”。这些“黑小姐”们本该继续躲在重重帷幕后过上几年轻闲日子，然而，不久后，越南战争的战火却把她们带到了日本冲绳的嘉手纳空军基地。
接着，“黑小姐”最先在中国大陆投入工作。面对这种威胁，毛泽东主席亲自点将，命令海军航空兵南下，准备抗击入侵挑衅的美军战机。经过一系列复杂的试验后，约翰逊总统和五角大楼终于都同意将“萤火虫”无人侦察机投入实战，而其首选地点就是中国大陆。
1964年8月20日上午10时左右，美国两架型号为“萤火虫”147B的无人高空侦察机由“大力神”运输机挂载从基地起飞，开始了它们的“处女之行”。当运输机飞至中国边境南海上空时，“大力神”运输机将挂载的“萤火虫”147B用火箭推出。由于是第一次发射，一架无人机由于故障未被弹出无缘此次飞行，另一架脱离母机后，按预定航线自动摄影侦察，入海南岛，经南宁、厦门等地兜了一圈后出中国大陆，在台湾被回收。但回收却出了岔子，无人机并没能按照预编程序，返回指定区域，相反飘落到了一片稻田中。降落过程中，飞机与地面激烈摩擦，机身严重受损，但机上的照片等资料和机上所载仪器却完好无损。
10月上旬，为了扩大对越南北部和中国的侦察活动，美国将“萤火虫”无人机的基地从日本冲绳迁往南越的岘港空军基地，并运进大量147B型无人机。1966年后，“萤火虫”无人机开始取代U-2高空侦察机担当起在北越、中国甚至朝鲜的高空侦察、监视、目标探测、电子窃听、电台干扰、电子信息传播、发传单以及作为诱饵诱使对方防空系统启动等重任。
起初，中国空军指战员并不知道无人机为何物，只看见这种飞机颜色很暗，机身比普通歼击机小，飞行时发出一种凄厉的怪叫，飞行员们给它起了个外号叫“黑乌鸦”，这比美国人起的“黑小姐”更为形象。1964年9月至11月，“黑乌鸦”连续4次入侵中国领空，由于中国空军对其性能和活动特点不甚了解，虽多次出动歼击机拦截，都未能打下。9月29日，中国空军一架歼-7飞机在1.8万米高空发现无人机，发射一枚空对空导弹，因距离过远而未能命中目标。10月13日，中国空军一架歼-6飞机，在1.76万米高空发现“黑乌鸦”，
飞行员虽开足马力拼命追击，但是炮弹打完也未击中要害，只能眼睁睁看着“黑乌鸦”扬长而去。
中国空军指战员在分析失利原因时受到汽车“冲坡”原理的启发，认为要打下“黑乌鸦”，中方歼击机必须快速升高瞄准射击，并要在近距离攻击方能奏效。这要求时机准确，但飞机在高空跃升容易失速，既危险，又有难度。
1964年11月15日，中国空军第一师飞行员、中队长徐开通驾驶歼-6机在海口东南上空拦截“黑乌鸦”。他在距离无人机300米处时，果断对准无人机腹部的发动机喷口，从230米一直打到140米，连击3次，炮弹直穿发动机，“黑乌鸦”首次命丧他乡。旗开得胜后，中国空军信心倍增，一路捷报频传，在接下来的一年之内，总共有9架“黑乌鸦”被击落。1966年2月7日，“黑乌鸦”又从云南侵入中国境内。空军飞行员冯全民驾驶的歼-7飞机紧跟敌机不放，迅速将其击落，创造了世界空战史上第一次在高空高速条件下用机上火炮击落无人机的先例。一下子，“黑乌鸦”侵扰中国的活动明显减少，从年均22架次下降到5架次左右。但中国飞行员发现打下无人机越来越困难了。
被美军引以为豪的无人机接连被中国空军击落，这让美国军方大为光火。在美国空军的强大压力下，瑞安公司只好对“萤火虫”无人机的性能不断加以改进，先后推出了28种改型机。这些飞机与它们的“前辈”相比，不仅飞得更高、更远，看得更清楚了，而且也更“聪明”了。
此外，美军还调整了无人侦察机的飞行模式，使飞行航线由平直飞行变成曲折、多转
弯的飞行，以加大中国空军的拦截难度。瑞安公司技术人员不无得意地宣称：“让米格飞机望‘无人机’兴叹的时代已经来临。”美国空军也自我吹嘘新“萤火虫”侦察机为“世界一流的无人侦察机”。
为了干扰中国空军的拦截，美军还想出了一个阴险的方法——使用147N型“诱饵”无人机。147N并不具备侦察功能，它总是和无人侦察机一起发射，到达预定空域时就与侦察机分道扬镳，然后迅速加速逃窜，引诱对方歼击机追击。它的惯用伎俩是一旦被盯上，就把尾随的歼击机往大海上空引，并不断变换飞行模式，让“盯梢者”疲于奔命。据说有一次，一架越南空军战斗机因为紧咬住147N不放，结果燃料耗尽坠入海中。147N飞行速度很快，如果逃跑成功可以回收使用，如果不成也帮助了真正的无人侦察机，由于其功效显著以及高达80%的损毁率，147N型无人机曾一度供不应求。
“萤火虫”无人机性能的改进给中国空军的拦截造成了新的困难。一是当中方歼击机爬升到与“萤火虫”相当的高度时，速度就会慢于敌机，不能接近射击；二是在这个高度上歼击机由于速度慢，抖动过于厉害，难以瞄准敌机；三是无人机航线曲折多变，跟踪困难。
然而道高一尺，魔高一丈。虽然美军新型无人机的侦察飞行得逞了几次，但其活动特点和规律也被中国空军摸透，他们发现无人机的飞行程序是事先设定的，无法更改，这样就可以推算出无人机的航线，在其必经之路上布下埋伏，等着“猎物”自己送上门。这个发现等于掐住了这些“空中飞贼”的“咽喉”。
中国空军的新战术很快收到了效果，1968年3月22日，中国空军导弹二营在广西宁明地区上空击落美军无人机一架，首开用地空导弹击落高空无人机的纪录。
此后，中国空军连战连捷，又击落美军无人机2架，并创造了用老式战斗机击落无人机的传奇战例。1970年2月10日上午9时左右，海南陵水机场突然警铃大作，雷达发现有敌机入侵海南。海军航空兵某部飞行员周新成和祁德起立即驾驶歼-5战机起飞迎敌。两人起飞三四分钟后就发现了目标，然而亚音速的歼-5战斗机(仿制苏联在20世纪40年代末研制的米格17战斗机)在战斗中只能飞到1.6万米高度，两人却发现“萤火虫”正在1.8万米的高空悠然飞行，根本无法靠近，但是已经熟悉无人机飞行特点的中国飞行员并未着急，他们知道，无人机很快便会降低高度。两人驾机跟踪了一段时间后，“萤火虫”果然开始按预定程序降低了高度准备加速逃离，一下就落入歼-5的火力范围内。周新成抓住这个绝好机会连开数炮，击中敌机尾部，“萤火虫”顿时变成了“着火虫”，拖着长长的火舌一头栽进了海南岛五指山的一片森林中。
至此，中国空军共击落美国“萤火虫”无人驾驶高空侦察机20架。此后，美国基本上停止了使用“萤火虫”无人机对中国的侦察。但美军并没有就此收手，很快，更加隐蔽的侦察活动又开始了。
1965年4月，中国政府向世界展示三架被击落的美国“萤火虫”无人机残骸，以揭示美军侵犯中国领空、非法侦察中国的阴谋。
这一现象曝光后，诸多记者纷纷追问关于美国“萤火虫”无人机的秘密，美国空军总是以一句冷冰冰的“无可奉告”来搪塞。
属于最先进、最保密和采用时间最长的美军武器系统之一。其一切行动都由位于美国内布拉斯加州奥弗特空军基地的战略空军司令部总部掌控，就连美国在南越的空军司令部都无权染指。这种机密程度使得无人机与有人机侦察手段相互配合，但是，高度机密性使其在一线作战部队中的利用率受到大大地限制。
1970年下半年，为营救关押在越南北部战俘营里的美军士兵，“萤火虫”无人机多次对该战俘营展开侦察，其“事迹”开始见诸报端，这时“萤火虫”系列无人侦察机的秘密才被公布于众。美国《航空周刊》在当年11月份刊文简单介绍了“萤火虫”无人机的情况，此后美国空军也开始陆续公布一些无人机的照片。但当时越战还没有结束，详细资料并未全部公开，公众对无人机也顶多有个粗略认识。
此时，由于“萤火虫”在中国屡遭败绩，美军已决定停止对中国大陆的侦察，同时，随着越南战争的不断升级，“萤火虫”对越南北部的侦察次数却在成倍增长，单单1972年一年，无人机担任的侦察任务就高达570次。即使在美国与越南签订和平协定之后，美国也以“监督和平协定执行”为借口，侦察活动仍然有增无减。
到1975年美军撤出越南为止，“萤火虫”无人机一共在中国、越南、朝鲜以及东南亚各国执行了3435次任务，其中使用最多的147C型无人机共完成1651次任务，拍摄了1.45亿张照片，其中多数是有人飞机无法侦察的严密设防目标。最好的一架绰号为“汤姆猫”的147H型无人机则在高空完成了68次任务后才被击落。“萤火虫”无人机的最后一次任务是在1975年6月2日由一架147TF完成的，之后，“萤火虫”被送入美军机库保存。
“萤火虫”被封存，与其在侦察时的损失率是有关系的。整个越战期间共有578架“萤火虫”无人机因各种原因损坏，其中251架被证实是被对手火力打击而坠毁，另有83架是在回收过程中损失的，还有不少无人机损失是因为训练以及故障所造成的。
在越战结束后不久，美国空军进行了重组。重组过程中战略空军司令部将无人侦察机的控制权移交给战术空军司令部。不久，在战斗机飞行员占上风的战术空军司令部，无人机大队遭到裁撤。直到上世纪90年代，美国空军才开始重新恢复无人机部队的编制。
光阴荏苒，越战结束后，当年曾经参与过“萤火虫”无人机研制生产以及曾遥控指挥过无人机的相关人员陆续撰写回忆录，报章杂志也常常会出现一些介绍越战前后美国使用无人机侦察中国和越南的文字。逐渐地，这些片言只语使所有人都了解到了无人机侦察的全貌。那些掩藏在扑朔迷离史实背后的深层次秘密也被人慢慢揭晓。
在整个越战期间，无人驾驶侦察机.
来源:环球时报
Sorry. Google Translation
battle won in New China shot down U.S. unmanned reconnaissance aircraft three times Insider
January 8, 2007 Monday, 00:59Soon after the birth of new China, in order to steal China's important strategic intelligence, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, the Air Force stationed in Taiwan KMT's intelligence agencies and the Department was plotting to set up the Air Force flying squadrons, sending spy planes to conduct low-altitude surveillance in mainland China.
The United States and Taiwan by the Chinese People's Liberation Army of the low-flying Air Force fighters to intercept tight, so, once again America and Chiang set up jointly by the so-called "Black Cat Squadron," equipped with the most advanced of the RB-57 type and the "Black Widow," said U - -2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft, and secretly selected pilots from Taiwan to the United States for training.
In December 1957, the direct planning in the United States Central Intelligence Agency, the U.S. high-altitude reconnaissance frequent-North China and Northwest and other places, shooting a lot of China is the construction of military facilities and other key strategic objectives of the photo. According to incomplete statistics, only in 1958, U-2 plane on the Chinese mainland for nearly 10 times the nuisance.
The U.S. high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft flight altitude was much larger than the Chinese Air Force fighter altitude equipment, China's most advanced 100-mm artillery anti-aircraft guns could not shoot such a high aircraft, a very long period of time, the U.S. high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft in China over the wanton flight, if unhindered,Chinese Air ForceOnce caught in a rather awkward position.
Also in the U.S. This high-altitude reconnaissance over the Soviet Union carried out. Since 1955, the Soviet Union rejected a U.S. summit in Geneva's "open skies" initiative since the Americans every year to send high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft to the Soviet Union several times over the stroll. Like the Soviet Union and China, have had a stomach nest fire, but they are all struggling at that time were less. Thus, the two countries on the one hand in the diplomatic protests, while on military Qinxuekulian. In 1958, Soviet-made SA--2 type of missile was successfully developed, the succession to China and Cuba and other places. It was a radar-guided surface-to rely on specially designed for the shooting down of high-altitude aircraft.
The new weapons and equipment quickly to play a role. October 7, 1959, the Chinese peoplePeople's Liberation ArmyNewly established anti-aircraft missile units two battalions to use this missile shot down in Beijing and Tianjin over the area from a US-made Taiwanese pilots RB-57 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft. May 1, 1960, the U.S. U-2 aircraft in the Barents sea air missiles, the Soviet Union shot down, pilots captured Powers. This is the first time in U-2 plane was shot down. September 9, 1962, the Chinese army's missile attack again two camps in the suburbs of Nanchang City also shot down over a U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft. October 27, 1962 morning, U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft violated Cuban airspace and was just shipped to Cuba, has not yet had time to debug again, Sam -2 missile shot down, pilot killed in the U.S. Air Force Major Anderson. This is what the United States the most advanced high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft can no longer be so unaffected as before, and in China's high-altitude airspace surveillance activities at once convergence a lot.
The United States has repeatedly captured and killed in an outstanding pilot unmanned reconnaissance aircraft finally put on the agenda. U.S. domestic public opinion generally believes that cultivating a good high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft pilot was not easy. As a result, "Firefly" unmanned aerial vehicles was born.
"Firefly" unmanned aerial vehicles in the United States Ryan, the original "Fire Bee" type drone based on the converted. Its main purpose is to simulate enemy aircraft and missiles, tactical threat, to conduct readiness training. The original "Firefly" type unmanned reconnaissance aircraft quintana is black, so things known as "the black lady." Fuselage nearly 8 meters long, the head is equipped with high-altitude surveillance cameras, and 16.8 thousand meters altitude, maximum speed of more than 900 kilometers / hour, radar, undetected, for the attack is also relatively difficult. In July 1963, the USAF established the 4028th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron, is directly responsible for unmanned reconnaissance work.
The initial design and manufacture of unmanned aircraft is intended to replace U-2 high altitude reconnaissance aircraft to complete the reconnaissance mission in Cuba, but "the Cuban missile crisis" ended quickly. As a result, Air Force Chief of Staff, General Curtis Li Mei decided to come later because of strategic considerations, the use of these "black lady." These "black lady" who continue to hide behind the heavy curtain that had a few years after the Qing Xian days, however, shortly after the Vietnam War, they brought the war Queba Okinawa, Japan, Kadena Air Base.
Then, the "black lady" was first in mainland China to work. The face of this threat, Chairman Mao Zedong point, command the naval air south, ready to provoke a U.S. military aircraft to fight the invasion. After a series of complex tests, President Johnson and the Pentagon finally agreed to "Firefly" unmanned reconnaissance aircraft into combat, while its preferred location is to mainland China.
At 10 o'clock on August 20, 1964 about the United States two models as "Firefly" 147B of the unmanned high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft by the "Hercules" cargo plane took off from the base mount and began their "maiden trip." When the transport plane flying over the South China Sea to the Chinese border, the "Hercules" cargo plane will be mounted the "Firefly" 147B rocket launch. Because it is the first launch of a UAV is not due to failure pop-up missed the flight, another flight from the machine tool, press the scheduled route automatic camera detection, into the Hainan Island, via Nanning, Xiamen and other places have come full circle after the out of China, in Taiwan was recovered. But the recovery was out of sour, unmanned aerial vehicles did not in accordance with pre-programmed, return to designated areas, on the contrary found their way into a rice field. Descent, the aircraft's intense friction with the ground, severely damaged the fuselage, but the machine such as the photographs contained in the information and aircraft equipment are intact.
In early October, in order to expand in northern Vietnam and China's surveillance activities, the United States would "Firefly" UAV base in Okinawa, Japan moved from South Vietnam's Da Nang air base and brought in a large number of 147B-based UAV. In 1966, the "Firefly" unmanned aerial vehicles began to replace U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft to assume in North Vietnam, China and even North Korea's high-altitude reconnaissance, surveillance, target detection, electronic eavesdropping, radio interference, the electronic dissemination of information, leaflets as well as bait induce each other's air defense system to start and so heavy.
Initially, the Chinese Air Force officers and men did not know why things UAVs have only seen a very dark color of this aircraft, the fuselage fighter smaller than normal flight, when the Guaijiao send a mournful, pilots have to give it played nicknamed "Black Crow", which played more than the Americans "black lady" is more the image. In September 1964 to 11 months, "Black Crow" continuous four times intruded into Chinese airspace, due to its performance and activities of the Chinese Air Force features do not quite understand, though on many occasions sent fighters to intercept, have failed to lay. September 29, the Chinese Air Force F--7 a high-altitude aircraft in the 18,000 meters found in unmanned aerial vehicles, launched an air-missiles, because the distance too far failed to hit the target. October 13, an F--6 Chinese Air Force plane was found in 17.6 thousand meters altitude "Black Crow",
Although the full capacity hard chase pilots, but the shells had not kick down the blunt instrument, and can only watch "Black Crow" and sped away.
Chinese Air Force officers and men lost in the analysis of the reason for being car "red slope" theory of inspiration that to lay the "black crows", the Chinese fighter that must be quickly increased target shooting, and to attack can only work at close range. This requires precise timing, but jumped easy to stall the aircraft at high altitude is dangerous and there are difficulties.
November 15, 1964, the Chinese Air Force pilot, First Division, squadron leader, Xu J -6 machine opening drive south-east over the sea to intercept the "black crow." He was 300 meters away from the UAV when the UAV decisive alignment of the engine vents the abdomen, from the 230-meter has hit 140 meters, batter three times, shells straight wear engines, "Black Crow" the first loss of life Abroad . Hit the ground running, the Chinese air force's confidence, the way every success in the next year, a total of 9 "Black Crow" was shot down. February 7, 1966, "Black Crow" and from Yunnan, China invaded. Air Force pilots Feng Jian -7 universal driving followed by enemy aircraft, and hold fast to bring them down to create the first time in the history of the world's air speed at high altitude conditions, with the machine gun to shoot down unmanned aerial vehicles precedent. At once, "Black Crow" intrusive activities in China significantly reduced, from an average of 22 sorties down to around five sorties. However, the Chinese pilots found it increasingly difficult to lay the UAV.
The U.S. military UAV proud of the Chinese air force shot down after another, allowing the U.S. military was furious. Under great pressure from the U.S. Air Force, Ryan's had on the "Firefly" continuously improve the performance of unmanned aerial vehicles, has introduced 28 kinds of modification machines. These aircraft and their "predecessors" in comparison not only to fly higher, farther, see more clearly, but also more "smart" the.
In addition, the U.S. military has adjusted its unmanned reconnaissance plane's flight pattern, so that the flight route from flying straight into a tortuous, multi-turn
Curved flight in order to increase the difficulty of the Chinese air force to intercept. Ryan's technical staff, not without proudly declared: "Let's hope MiG aircraft 'UAV' sigh of the time has come." U.S. Air Force also boast the new "Firefly" reconnaissance plane "world-class unmanned reconnaissance aircraft."
In order to interfere with the Chinese air force to intercept, the U.S. military would like out of a sinister way - using the 147N type "bait" UAV. 147N does not have the surveillance function, it is always and unmanned reconnaissance aircraft with the launch of scheduled arrival airspace when parted ways with the reconnaissance plane, and then quickly speed up the escape, to lure the other fighter chase. Its modus operandi was once locked in, put the fighter into the sea trailing over the quoted and constantly changing flight patterns so that "stalking are" constantly on the run. Said to have once a Vietnam Air Force fighter because of bite to live 147N link, and the results of running out of fuel crashed into the sea. 147N flying very fast, if succeeded in escaping and can be recycled to use, if fragmentation has also helped the real unmanned reconnaissance aircraft, because of its remarkable efficacy, as well as up to 80% of the damage rate, 147N UAV once in short supply.
"Firefly" unmanned aerial vehicles to improve the performance of the interceptor to the Chinese Air Force creates new difficulties. The first fighter to climb into the Chinese side and the "Firefly" considerable height, the speed will be slower than the enemy can not be near the fire; two fighters at this height due to slow, jitter is too severe, difficult to target enemy aircraft; third, UAV route twists and turns volatile and difficult to track.
However, Tao Bearing in mind that. While the new U.S. military unmanned reconnaissance flights succeeded several times, but the characteristics and laws of its activities by the Chinese air force also find out about, they found that UAV's flight program is pre-set, can not be changed, so that one can calculate the UAV route, the only way planted in their ambush waiting to "prey" to send their own door. This finding is equal to pinching of these "air Irma" and "throat."
The Chinese Air Force's new tactical quickly received the results, March 22, 1968, the Chinese Air Force missile two camps over the area in the Canton Xining Ming shot down a U.S. unmanned aerial vehicles, the first open-air missile to shoot down high-altitude UAV with a record .
Since then, the Chinese Air Force Lien Chan Lian Jie, but also the U.S. military shot down two unmanned aerial vehicles, and created the old-fashioned fighter UAV shot down by the legendary wars. At 9:00 on February 10, 1970 about the sudden alarm bells in Lingshui airport in Hainan, the radar detected enemy invasion of Hainan. Unit of the naval air force pilots of weeks since the new KI Tak-shing and immediately flew F -5 fighter off the opposition head on. They took off 34 minutes after the target was found, however, the F -5 subsonic aircraft (imitation Soviet Union in the late 20th century, 40 MiG-17 fighter developed) in the battle can only fly 16 thousand meters high, the two , found that "Firefly" is an altitude of 18,000 meters leisurely flight, simply can not close, but are already familiar with the characteristics of Chinese pilots flying UAVs do not worry, they know, unmanned aerial vehicles will soon reduce the height. The two flew to track a period of time, the "Firefly" turned out to embark on the scheduled programs reduce the height is ready to accelerate to escape, what would fall within the scope of firepower F -5. Zhou Xin-Cheng seize this golden opportunity to even open a few guns, hit the enemy aircraft tail, "Firefly" suddenly become "the Huo Chong", dragging a long tongues of fire are drawn into the Hainan Island Fingers a forest.
So far, the Chinese Air Force shot down the U.S. "Firefly" unmanned high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft 20. Since then, the U.S. basically stopped using the "Firefly" unmanned aerial vehicles for surveillance of China. But the U.S. military has not this close hand, and soon, more covert surveillance activities are started.
In April 1965, the Chinese government to show the world that three were shot down by the United States "Firefly," UAV wreckage in order to reveal the U.S. violation of Chinese airspace, illegal spying on China in the UN.
This phenomenon came to light, many journalists have asked about the U.S. "Firefly," the secret of UAVs the Air Force is always with a cold "no comment" to stall.
Are among the most advanced, most confidential and the use of U.S. weapons systems, the longest one. All of its actions by the Nebraska Aofu Te in the United States Air Force Base Strategic Air Command Headquarters, control, and even the United States in South Vietnam's Air Force Command has the right to encroach. This confidentiality allows UAVs and manned aircraft reconnaissance methods complement each other, but a high degree of confidentiality so that the front-line combat forces are greatly restricted the utilization rate.
1970, in the second half, in order to rescue prisoners of war held in camps in northern Vietnam, U.S. soldiers, "Firefly" unmanned aerial vehicle to carry out surveillance on many occasions in the POW camp, their "stories" began to hit the newspapers, when "Firefly" series of non - the secret surveillance of people were released to the public. The United States, "Aviation Week" in November that year published an article a brief introduction of the "Firefly" UAV situation, since the Air Force also began to publish the photographs of some unmanned aerial vehicles. But at that time the Vietnam War is not over, not all the details of the public, the public is also at most UAVs have a rough understanding.
At this point, because of "Firefly" In China, repeated defeat, the U.S. military has decided to stop surveillance in mainland China at the same time, with the continuing escalation of the Vietnam War, "Firefly" on reconnaissance in northern Vietnam, the number has doubled and redoubled in the mere In 1972 year, the UAV as a reconnaissance missions as high as 570 times. Even in the United States and Vietnam signed a peace agreement, the United States also "monitor the implementation of the Peace Agreement" as an excuse to surveillance activities continue unabated.
1975 until the withdrawal of U.S. troops in Vietnam, "Firefly" UAV total in China, Vietnam, Korea, and Southeast Asian countries in implementing the 3435 missions, including the use of the most 147C UAV completed a total of 1651 missions, shot 1.45 100 million photos, most of them reconnaissance aircraft will be able to close some fortified targets. The best one nicknamed "Tom Cat" in 147H in the high-altitude UAV completed 68 missions before being shot down. "Firefly" unmanned aerial vehicles last task is to June 2, 1975 by a 147TF completed, after which "Firefly" was sent to save the U.S. military hangar.
"Firefly" was sealed, and their loss rate in detecting when there is a relationship. A total of 578 during the entire Vietnam War, "Firefly" unmanned aerial vehicle is damaged due to various reasons, of which 251 were confirmed as opponents firepower and crashed, and another 83 are lost in the recycling process, and there are many that no one Machine loss is because the training as well as failures caused by.
Shortly after the end of the Vietnam War, the U.S. Air Force was reorganized. Strategic Air Command, the reorganization process control of unmanned reconnaissance aircraft will be transferred to the Tactical Air Command. Soon, the upper hand in the Tactical Air Command fighter pilots, unmanned aerial vehicles the brigade had been abolished. Until the last century, 90 years, the U.S. Air Force unmanned aerial vehicle began to regain its force strength.
Time goes by, the Vietnam War after the end of the year has taken part in "Firefly" unmanned aerial vehicle development and production, as well as remote control over unmanned aerial vehicles have been related personnel gradually write his memoirs, newspapers and magazines often show some before and after the Vietnam War the United States introduced the use of unmanned aircraft reconnaissance in China and Vietnam text. Gradually, these pieces a word so that all people are aware of the whole picture of the UAV reconnaissance. Those historical facts hidden in the mysterious secrets behind the deep-seated, are being gradually revealed.
Throughout the Vietnam War, an unmanned reconnaissance aircraft.
Source: Global Times
These photos are taken just few days ago
the last pic is a Republic of China F-5:
the last pic is a Republic of China F-5:
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