Bofors 40mm scourge of F-117

a goood artical about the bofors 40mm

在第二次世界大战中，除了临时使用缴获的对方武器外，极少会出现交战双方各国军队都正式装备同样武器的情况。但有一个例外，那就是被同盟国和轴心国都广泛使用并被视为标准防空武器的瑞典 40 毫米（1.57 英寸）博福斯 L/60 高射炮（以下简称 40 毫米博福斯高炮）。自 20 世纪 30 年代诞生后，40 毫米博福斯高炮就被大量出口、特许生产、仿制或改进，由此成为二战中使用得最为广泛的一种高射炮。

博福斯公司成立

　　1894 年，瑞典著名化学家阿尔弗雷德•贝恩哈德•诺贝尔（Alfred Bernhard Nobel）为了加强祖国的国防工业，出资 130 万瑞典克朗收购了位于韦姆兰省的博福斯-古尔斯邦公司并将其更名为博福斯（Bofors）公司，主要制造钢铁和炸药。在诺贝尔的苦心经营下，博福斯公司逐步壮大，开始生产多种武器并向国外出口，使得博福斯这个历史可以追溯至 17 世纪中叶的北欧小镇借此扬名于天下。

　　到第一次世界大战期间，由于瑞典保持中立国，使博福斯公司能够方便地向战争双方出售武器，因此一跃成为世界上排名前列的武器制造商。一战结束后，作为战败国的德国受限于《凡尔赛协定》不得开发任何新式大威力杀伤武器。20 世纪 20 年代，著名的德国克虏伯（Krupp）公司收购了部分博福斯公司股份并转入了一些生产技术，与博福斯公司合作在瑞典设计和研制各种新式火炮。

　　这对于博福斯公司而言，无疑是难能可贵的机会。瑞典设计师们从德国设计师处获得了全新的设计思路和宝贵的设计经验。但实际上，由于博福斯和克虏伯两家公司的设计理念存在重大区别，瑞典设计师们一直专注于轻型火炮的研制，而德国设计师们则偏向研制重型火炮。30 年代中期，待到国际上对于德国开发武器的限制逐渐放松后，两家公司的合作随即中止。分道扬镳后，德国克虏伯公司研制出了在二战中为德军立下赫赫战功的 Flak-36 型 88 毫米高射炮，而博福斯公司则开发出了著名的 40 毫米博福斯 L/60 高射炮。

M32 型和 M34 型

　　1925 年，博福斯公司受瑞典海军的委托开发一种 20 毫米（0.79 英寸）口径的全自动舰载型高炮，但后来军方发现小口径高炮的威力有限，于是便酝酿开发更大口径的高炮。1928 年，瑞典海军要求博福斯公司设计一种威力足以一发即可致敌机于死地的舰载型高炮，口径被设定为 40 毫米。1932 年，第一门 40 毫米样炮完工并被安装在舰上进行了试射，被命名为 M32 型。

　　在得到海军的认可后，博福斯公司又开始以 M32 型为基础改进适合陆军装备的牵引式 40 毫米野战高炮。两年后，样炮完工，采用水冷式炮管，实际身管倍径比为 56 倍，习惯上称为 60 倍（即 L/60）。这种样炮一经面试就引起了当时世界各国军方的关注，尤其是正在着手组建装甲部队的各国陆军。这种新型陆军牵引式高炮具有两大优点：1）具有较强机动性，能够伴随装甲部队一起行动；2）添补了长久以来轻型高炮和重型高炮之间的火力空白，其威力和射高均优于 20 毫米轻型高炮，射速又高于 76.2 毫米以上的重型高炮，能够有效对付中、低空的空中目标。



从左至右依次为博福斯公司生产的 40 毫米 L60 高炮弹药、L70 高炮弹药、57 毫米高炮弹药

　　1934 年，众多国外军事代表团先后抵达瑞典进行考察，他们都对博福斯公司刚刚研制的陆军牵引式高炮表示出极大的兴趣，纷纷提出了采购意向。然而，国外代表团对样炮采用水冷式炮管提出了意见。于是，博福斯公司针对其改进出使用气冷式炮管的牵引式 40 毫米野战高炮，这便是 40 毫米博福斯高炮的基准型号——M34 型。

基准 M34 型简介

　　M34 型 40 毫米高炮拥有一个轮式炮车底盘，炮架和所有操控部件全部置于其上。开放式的结构给予炮手极大的操作空间，但同时也带来了防护性差的缺点。上部炮架同炮身相连，包括高低机、平衡机、瞄准机构和耳轴；下部炮架呈十字型，主要包括旋转机构，与底盘连为一体。其中，前部和后部支撑架为箱形钢樑，左右两侧支撑架为可收放式，安装有可调节高度的千斤顶，以确保整个底盘保持平稳和水平。

　　M34 型高炮的炮车底盘采用双轴式 4 轮布局，从牵引状态转为战斗状态时需要将炮轮收起，但遇到紧急情况时也可在牵引状态下立即投入战斗。底盘通过牵引杆与牵引车辆相连接，车轴前部装有一套阿克曼（Ackerman）式转向系统。在行军状态下，炮口转向后方，被底盘后部的行军固定架锁住。

　　下部炮架在火炮两侧分别设有一个座垫，2 名炮手坐于其上操作火炮。其中，右侧副炮手负责操控旋转机构，左侧主炮手负责操控高低机构并踩下脚踏板击发火炮。M34 型高炮的瞄准系统由一套反射式光学瞄准具和博福斯公司研制的用于快速追踪空中目标的简易机械式计算机构成。这套瞄准系统能使炮手对飞行速度达到 563 公里/小时（350 英里/小时）的空中目标进行有效的修正，从而大大增强了射击精确度。但它也增加了操纵难度，炮手需要经过长时间的训练才能熟练掌握高炮的射击要领。此外，下部炮架还在副炮手后方设有一个指挥官座垫。指挥官负责观测目标和射击效果，并命令炮手开火。指挥官通过喊话下达所有命令。

　　M34 型高炮的火炮部分包括了炮管、炮身和供弹机构。炮管采用气冷式冷却方式，长度为 56 倍径比。炮膛后部是直立楔式炮闩，开关炮闩的动作一般情况下通过火炮后坐自动完成，但必要时也可由人工完成。首发炮弹必须由装填手手工装填。位于炮膛上方的供弹机构拥有 3 排导轨，每排能够容纳一个 4 发炮弹的弹夹。弹夹会被自动移除，每次只有一发炮弹被压入炮膛。射击后，通过后坐力将炮闩打开，抛出空弹壳，另一发炮弹进入炮膛，炮闩再度关闭，以此周而复始实现全自动装填和射击。在射击过程中，主炮手只需踩下击发脚踏板，装填手负责在一旁以站姿或坐姿及时装填炮弹。一个训练有素的炮组能在一分钟内完成炮管的更换工作。

　　M34 型高炮的理论最高射速可达到 140 发/分钟，但由于受到装弹速度限制，实际最高射速只能达到 80 发/分钟。最初，M34 型高炮只配备高爆曳光弹一个弹种。其弹头安装着发引信，重量为 1 公斤（2.2 磅），连同弹壳和装药整发炮弹重约 2.15 公斤（4.74 磅）。后来，博福斯公司又逐渐为 M34 型高炮研制了高爆弹、训练弹以及穿甲弹等新弹种。

　　博福斯公司很快在 M34 型的基础上，对炮声部分略微进行了改动，产生了专供出口的 M36 型 40 毫米高炮。



现存于博物馆内的 M36 型 40 毫米博福斯高炮

早期的出口和仿制

　　首批订购 M36 型 40 毫米博福斯高炮的是波兰海军、奥地利陆军和比利时陆军，他们的采购数量都非常少。1935 年，波兰和匈牙利获得了 M36 型 40 毫米博福斯高炮的特许生产权，开始在其国内制造。至 1936 年，M36 型 40 毫米博福斯高炮的采购数量开始增加，新客户包括了英国和荷属东印度，他们分别采购了 203 门和 72 门。

　　波兰国立兵工厂在获得特许生产权后制造了 500 多门 M36 型 40 毫米博福斯高炮，其中大部分装备了波兰陆军，有 168 门出口给了英国、罗马尼亚和荷兰。



波兰特许生产的 APW-36 型 40 毫米高炮

　　匈牙利是获得特许生产权后制造 40 毫米博福斯高炮数量最多的国家。其生产工作主要由匈牙利铁道部工厂（简称 MAVAG）负责进行，在战前生产了至少 767 门。匈牙利陆军十分欣赏 40 毫米博福斯高炮的出色性能，但对于其仅仅依靠轮式车辆牵引的机动能力略感不足，于是委托位于布达佩斯的甘斯兵工厂负责在“38M 托尔蒂 II”轻型坦克底盘的基础上改进自行式 40 毫米博福斯高炮，由此产生了 “猎手”（Nimrod）式 40 毫米自行高炮。

匈牙利“猎手”式 40 毫米自行高炮
　　“猎手” 式 40 毫米自行高炮改自于“38M 托尔蒂 II”轻型坦克，后者实际上就是匈牙利获得特许生产的瑞典兰德斯沃克（Landsverk）L-62 轻型坦克。在其底盘上安装了一个由倾斜装甲板构成的敞开式炮塔，其内部容纳了 40 毫米博福斯高炮的炮架和炮身，以及 1 名指挥官、2 名炮手和 1 名装填手。炮管通过一道垂直的细槽伸出炮塔，拥有极大的射击仰角。其最大缺点在于完全依靠人力旋转炮塔和调整炮管的仰俯，使火炮灵活性受到很大限制。1941 年 10 月，首辆“猎手”式自行高炮的样车完工并接受了测试，其最初设计意图是成为既可防空又能反坦克的多用途自行火炮。但 1942 年正式服役后，在实战中表明其反坦克效果甚微，于是最终被当作了专门的自行高炮。值得一提的是，40 毫米“猎手”式自行高炮是第一种拥有装甲防护的 40 毫米博福斯自行高炮。




　　在二战中，加入轴心国集团的匈牙利总共为纳粹德国提供了 262 门 40 毫米博福斯高炮以及多达 735 根的备用炮管。而且，匈牙利对 40 毫米博福斯高炮进行了大量的技术改进，并最早将其与火控雷达配合使用，大大提高了射击准确度。在 1943 年提兹河（River Tizer）的一次战斗中，1 个配备了火控雷达的匈牙利 40 毫米博福斯高炮营将苏联空军出动的所有 25 架 Pe-2 型轰炸机全部击落。此外，匈牙利还将少数 40 毫米博福斯高炮改装为航炮，并安装于德国梅塞施密特公司为匈牙利空军生产的 Me 210Ca-1 重型双发战斗轰炸机上。



匈牙利高炮部队和他们装备的 40 毫米博福斯高炮

　　1935 年，比利时陆军从博福斯公司订购了 8 门 M34 型 40 毫米高炮，并开始在比利时国家兵工厂（Fabrique Nationale，简称 FN）仿制。1937 年，FN 将仿制的 34 门 40 毫米博福斯高炮出售给法国，后者又于 1940 年向 FN 增购了 8 门。这批 40 毫米博福斯高炮被用于法国首都巴黎的防空，法国原本打算直接向瑞典博福斯公司购买特许生产权，但随着法国的战败，这项计划也随之落空。

　　1936 年，同属北欧地区的挪威开始向瑞典博福斯公司订购 40 毫米博福斯高炮，并于 1940 年开始获得特许生产权。随后不久，挪威便被纳粹德国占领，其生产的 40 毫米博福斯高炮连同生产线全部落入了德军之手。

纳粹德国的 Flak-28（Bofors）型 40 毫米高炮

　　纳粹德国在二战前对 40 毫米博福斯高炮并没有太大兴趣，大部分德军军官骄傲地认为 Flak-36 型 88 毫米重型高炮和 Flak-38 型 20 毫米轻型高炮构成的防空火力组合已经近乎完美。但德国空军中一些头脑清醒者认识到这种组合具有很大的火力空白，而最适合用来弥补这种空白的就是 40 毫米博福斯高炮。1938 年 3 月 12 日，奥地利与德国合并。此前，奥地利已从博福斯公司取得了 M36 型 40 毫米博福斯高炮的特许生产权。合并时，奥地利刚刚生产完 24 门，另有 26 门接近完工状态。

　　合并后，虽然德国空军希望能够将剩余的 40 毫米博福斯高炮全部生产出来装备德军防空部队，但德国陆军却执意要利用奥地利所有兵工厂陆军生产需要的地面野战火炮。直到 1939 年 5 月 1 日，在德国空军元帅赫尔曼•格林的亲自过问下，奥地利部分兵工厂才重新开始为德国空军生产 40 毫米博福斯高炮，德军将其改名为 Flak-28（Bofors）型 40 毫米高炮。与 M34 型 40 毫米博福斯高炮相比，Flak-28（Bofors）型唯一的改动在于安装了德国哥慈（Goerz）公司制造的瞄准具。



德国 Flak-28（Bofors）型 40 毫米高炮

　　到 1940 年 7 月，随着大部分西欧国家为纳粹德军所侵占，这些国家的 40 毫米博福斯高炮特许生产厂家也全部落入德军之手。不过，其中仅有挪威康斯堡（Kongsberg）兵工厂始终在为德军专门生产 40 毫米博福斯高炮，其余厂家均被德军要求生产其他火炮。在 1942 年 10 月 1 日的《德国空军装备报告》中，记载了德军防空部队装备有 340 门 40 毫米博福斯高炮。到 1944 年 6 月时，康斯堡兵工厂又为德国空军新造了 94 门并维修了 234 门。

　　德国海军也大量使用了 40 毫米博福斯高炮。到 1941 年 7 月 1 日为止，德国海军装备了 247 门 Flak-28（Bofors）型 40 毫米高炮，它们被广泛地安装在海岸防空炮台和各种辅助舰只上。1942 年 12 月 1 日，德国海军增购了 800 门 Flak-28（Bofors）型 40 毫米高炮，但当时挪威和匈牙利的生产厂家难以达到如此之高的产量，到 1944 年 7 月为止，只完工了 578 门。这批高炮成为了德军舰艇的标准防空武器。大约 60 艘后期型德军高速鱼雷艇（简称 S 挺）将其作为主炮，许多德军大型战舰比如“欧根亲王”号重巡洋舰，也纷纷用 Flak-28（Bofors）型 40 毫米高炮替换了原先的 37 毫米高炮。



德军“欧根亲王”号重巡洋舰上安装的 Flak-28（Bofors）型 40 毫米高炮

苏联的 M1939 型 37 毫米高炮

我国的 55 式 37 毫米高炮
　　抗美援朝战争中，我国曾从苏联购买了大量 M1939 型高炮。其轻便、灵活的特性被中国人民志愿军高炮部队发挥到极致。志愿军将其直接装载到运输战略物资的列车上，有效地抵御了美军战斗轰炸机的空袭。曾经有一个志愿军高炮班用一门 M1939 型高炮先后击落了 10 架敌机，两次荣立集体三等功。



在抗美援朝战争中志愿军击落过 10 架敌机的苏制 M1939 式 37 毫米高射炮

　　1955 年，我国在 M1939 型的基础上仿制出 55 式 37 毫米高炮，它是解放后新中国装备的第一种国产高射炮，被我军一直列装到 20 世纪 80 年代，后来逐步为 62 式和 88 式 37 毫米双联高炮所替代。

　　尽管苏联没有购买或经特许制造过 40 毫米博福斯高炮，但苏军在二战期间广泛使用的 M1939 型 37 毫米（1.46 英寸）高炮却同 40 毫米博福斯高炮具有非常亲近的血缘关系。博福斯公司 M34 型 40 毫米高射炮一经诞生，苏联就以其为模板缩小口径试制了一小批 25 毫米（0.98 英寸）高炮，它们曾出现在卫国战争初期的少数战斗之中。1939 年，在取得 25 毫米高炮的试制经验后，苏联又将其口径放大到 37 毫米，并于当年投产，定型为 M1939 型 37 毫米高炮。



1939 型 37 毫米高炮

　　相比博福斯 M34 型，苏联的 M1939 型的炮身结构几乎与之完全相同，只是零部件的制造工艺要粗糙得多，并改用了简易式炮车底盘和瞄准具。另外，部分 M1939 型高炮还安装有防盾。尽管其口径缩小导致弹药威力下降，但与此同时也大大提高了射速。实战表明做工粗糙的 M1939 型高炮极其适于当时苏联的国情，其“偷工减料”使得制造成本大大降低，非常有利于在战时批量快速生产。

英联邦陆军的 40 毫米博福斯高炮

　　20 世纪 30 年代中期，英国陆军开始寻求一种能够有效对付低空高速飞行目标的防空武器。最初的选择对象是一种由英国维克斯公司为皇家海军开发的舰载型 2 磅高射炮。然而，其体积和重量过大、机动性极差，根本不适于当时已经高度机械化的英国陆军使用。英国陆军随即将注意力集中到了瑞典博福斯 M34 型 40 毫米高炮上，他们对其机动性强、射速快和精度高的优点大为赞赏。1937 年 4 月，英国陆军正式向瑞典博福斯公司订购了 100 门 M34 型 40 毫米高炮。

　　为了满足整个英联邦陆军的需求，英国陆军又于 1938 年分别向瑞典博福斯公司、匈牙利铁道部工厂和波兰国立兵工厂订购其原产或特许生产的 40 毫米博福斯高炮，总计 300 门。这些高炮不仅在英联邦陆军中大受欢迎，而且还受到了皇家海军的青睐，他们千方百计地从陆军手里搞来 40 毫米博福斯高炮，用于换装原先的维克斯 2 磅舰载型高炮。

　　1939 年初，来自陆军和海军的巨大需求量使得英国和其他英联邦国家纷纷向瑞典博福斯公司购买了特许生产权。负责生产的主要有 3 家制造商，分别是：位于英国考文垂附近的诺非尔德（Nuffield）公司、位于加拿大汉密尔顿附近的多明尼娅桥（Dominion Bridge）公司以及位于墨尔本附近的澳大利亚兵工厂。同年 6 月，诺非尔德公司完工了第一门由英联邦国家制造的 40 毫米博福斯高炮。为了缩短生产工时，英国的 40 毫米博福斯高炮采用了简化的 Mk II 型炮架。与瑞典 M34 型高炮相比，Mk II 型炮架的主要区别在于大量使用了管状支架、去除了平衡机构和快速追踪目标的机械式计算机。此外，Mk II 型炮架还安装了防盾。



1941 年 4 月 11 日，加拿大多明尼娅桥公司生产车间的工人正在加工 40 毫米博福斯高炮的零部件

英军空降部队装备的 40 毫米博福斯高炮

　　英国为 Mk II 型炮架减轻重量并改进为专门装备空降部队的 Mk IV 型。Mk IV 型炮架拥有 4 个支撑架，能被快速取下连同炮身一起装进英国“哈米尔卡”（Hamilcar）式重型滑翔机，随同滑翔机机降部队一起空降。英军空降部队装备的重量最轻的博福斯高炮炮架是一种由加拿大制造的绰号为“矮脚鸡”（Bantam）的双轮炮架。它仅有 3 个支撑架，能够被 1 辆美国“威利”（Willy）吉普车拖运或由 1 架道格拉斯 C-47 型运输机空运。

　　英联邦制造的 40 毫米博福斯高炮均采用电力驱动，因而一般都携带有配套的发电装置。与瑞典博福斯 M34 型相比，英联邦制造的 40 毫米博福斯高炮去除了原来的机械式计算机，取而代之以一套英国“凯瑞森”（Kerrison）电子-机械混合型火控系统。射手在发射前只需设定射程、目标速度和射角，该系统便能自动完成对空中目标的瞄准和跟踪，并不断作出修正。从 1943 年起，英联邦陆军装备的 40 毫米博福斯高炮还安装了英国“斯多奇”（stookey）型自动修正瞄准具。

英国皇家海军的舰载型 40 毫米博福斯高炮

　　英国皇家海军也在二战中广泛使用了 40 毫米博福斯高炮，并先后改进出 5 种气冷式型号和 2 种水冷式型号。其中，水冷式型号主要由位于诺丁汉（Nottingham）的皇家兵工厂负责制造。皇家海军的舰载型 40 毫米博福斯高炮实际上就是英联邦陆军型的简化版，去掉了轮式炮车底盘，直接安装于舰艇之上。通常小型舰艇上依靠人力转向和调整火炮仰俯，大型战舰上则采用电力驱动。



澳大利亚海军的“悉尼”号巡洋舰上的 40 毫米博福斯高炮正在射击中

　　在皇家海军装备的各种型号博福斯高炮中，Mk IV 型双联装 40 毫米高炮堪称当时世界上最先进的舰载高炮。它最初由西门子公司下属的荷兰“海斯梅尔”（Hazemeyer）子公司在二战前完成设计，以瑞典博福斯 M32 型舰载高炮为基础，增加了包括雷达在内的全套火控系统，在当时属于超前设计。1940 年，在荷兰即将为德军占领前，唯一一门“海斯梅尔”公司试制的样炮被安装在一艘荷兰海军扫雷艇上，连同设计图纸一起驶到了英国。英国将其投入生产并命名为 Mk IV 型双联装 40 毫米高炮。以其为基础，英国又改进出结构较为简单的 Mk V 型双联装 40 毫米高炮。后者既可以使用自身的火控装置，又可以由 RP50 型遥控火控装置操控。



英国在“海斯梅尔”高炮基础上仿制的 Mk IV 型 40 毫米高炮

　　由于舰载型 40 毫米博福斯高炮供不应求，皇家海军曾将一批陆军型 40 毫米博福斯高炮安装在运输商船上作为防空武器。另外，在舰载型 40 毫米博福斯高炮正式定型前，“威尔士亲王”号战列舰上也安装过陆军型 40 毫米博福斯高炮。

　　此外，皇家海军还装备过一些特殊改进型号的 40 毫米博福斯高炮，其中结构最为复杂的是一种稳定测距型（简称“STAAG型 ”）高炮。这种高炮包括了 262 型雷达、自动目标截获装置、预警装置、雷达追踪装置、稳定装置、测距仪以及备用发电机。再加上其安装有重新设计的防盾和液压驱动系统，使得整门炮的生产成本、重量和结构复杂程度都大幅度攀升。STAAG 型由于外形古怪而被皇家海军水手们戏称为“多角怪兽”。



结构极为复杂的“STAAG 型”40 毫米高炮

　　相比之下，Mk VII 型双联装 40 毫米博福斯高炮则小巧得多，非常适合于安装在快速巡逻挺和扫雷艇之类的小型舰艇上。尤其是加拿大制造 Mk VII 型，借用了双联装 20 毫米厄利空舰载高炮的炮座，体积极为狭小，因而只能容纳炮手、装填手和指挥官 3 人，配有液压操控系统，该型号仅装备了皇家加拿大海军舰只。

英联邦国家的 40 毫米博福斯自行高炮

　　英联邦主要生产过两种 40 毫米博福斯自行高炮。最初一种型号是由诺非尔德公司为英国国土防卫部队设计的 Mk I 型 “莫里斯”（Morris）式 40 毫米自行高炮，它以“莫里斯”式火炮牵引拖拉机为底盘。该自行高炮在一次射击示范中引起了英军将领们的注意，其投入战斗的反应时间远远短于一般的牵引型号。诺非尔德公司改进的这种自行高炮被定型为 Mk I 型 40 毫米“莫里斯” 式自行高炮。其车组乘员由 1 名驾驶员、1 名车长和 2 名炮手组成，可以携带 120 发弹药。炮架基本上和英联邦制造的 40 毫米博福斯高炮一样，只是略微更换了些部件。另外，除遇紧急情况外，为了达到精确射击效果，“莫里斯” 式自行高炮在射击前仍然需要放下 4 个圆锥形支撑架。

　　“莫里斯” 式自行高炮在诺曼第登陆前装备了英联邦军队并在西线战场上一展身手。但其弱点也暴露无遗，由于直接采用了 40 毫米博福斯高炮原来的炮架，它毫无任何装甲防护。于是，在 1944 年初，1 辆英军受损的“十字军”（Crusader）Mk III 型坦克的底盘被加装了敞开式炮塔和 1 门 40 毫米博福斯高炮，成为了“十字军”I 型自行高炮（英军习惯称为“防空坦克”）。

　　“十字军”I 型防空坦克装有一个顶部敞开的炮塔并配备了一套自动装弹机，废弃的弹壳从前方直接抛出炮塔。车组乘员由 1 名驾驶员、1 名车长和 2 名炮手组成。与匈牙利“猎手” 式 40 毫米自行高炮相比，“十字军”I 型采用电力驱动炮塔旋转和炮管仰俯，因而极为灵活。然而，“十字军”I 型的装甲防护仍未能满足英军的要求，因而未被投入量产。但在其基础上，英国改进出安装有全封闭炮塔和体积较小的双联 20 毫米瑞士厄利空（Oerlikon）高炮的“十字军” II 型和 III 型防空坦克。它们在二战中后期装备了英军和自由波兰的机械化部队，成为其最有效的防空武器。

20 世纪 30 年代，美国陆军和海军分别开始研制新型中口径高炮。在此期间，美国陆军曾于 1938 年试图采购瑞典博福斯公司的 M34 型高炮，但由于谈判上的失误，将采购单价增大了 10 倍，美国陆军因此失去了兴趣。1939 年，一位美国海军的供应商参观了博福斯公司，他对 M32 型 40 毫米高炮留下了极其深刻的印象。回国后，他立即建议美国海军订购双联装舰载型 40 毫米博福斯高炮。

　　1940 年，美国陆军对少量采购的 M34 型 40 毫米博福斯高炮进行测试，发现其性能大大超过美军原先装备的 37 毫米柯尔特-布朗宁式高炮。在这次测试的影响下，美国陆军连同美国海军都下定决心要装备 40 毫米博福斯高炮。

美国陆军的 M-19 型 40 毫米自行高炮

　　由于美国陆军的机械化程度较高，M-1 型高炮的牵引式机动能力难以满足其要求，美国陆军由此提出需要在其基础上改进出自行高炮。最初的尝试是将 M-1 型高炮安装于 M-3 和 M-5“斯图亚特”轻型坦克底盘以及大量半履带式车辆上进行测试，但效果均不理想。最终，美国陆军对利用 T-24 轻型坦克（即 M-24“霞飞”轻型坦克试验型号）底盘安装 M-1 型高炮改进而成的 T65E1 型 40 毫米双联试验高炮表示满意。T65E1 型被进一步改进并定型为 M-19 型 40 毫米自行高炮。



　　M-19 型自行高炮安装有双联装 40 毫米 M1 型高炮，炮架为敞开式结构，仅在高炮前部两侧安装有防盾。与 M-24 相比，M-19 的底盘结构有所变动，主要是发动机和传动机构被前置，从而为后部底盘留出足够空间安装 M-1 型高炮的炮架及旋转部件。整个高炮的旋转与升降均采用电力驱动，高炮最大仰角为 85 度。M-19 型 40 毫米自行高炮总共生产了 285 辆，被美国陆军广泛地应用于二战后期及朝鲜战争。在很多情况下，M-19 除了执行防空任务外，还常常利用强大的火力压制敌方地面目标，为己方部队提供有力的火力支援。

　　此时，美国陆军正在淘汰原来的 37 毫米柯尔特-布朗宁式高炮，其装备的中口径高炮正处于青黄不接的状态。为了应急，美国在没有取得博福斯公司授权许可之前便着手进行仿制。美国海军从荷属东印度取得了双联装舰载型 40 毫米博福斯高炮的草图及主要参数，将其中公制数据转换为美制后，转交给位于宾夕法尼亚州的约克公司测绘成生产图纸并对其进行仿制。与此同时，美国陆军也千方百计地从英联邦军队手中搞到一门陆军型 40 毫米博福斯高炮及相关图纸，授意克莱斯勒（Chrysler）公司准备对其仿制。两家公司分头进行各自的仿制工作，由此造成最初美国仿制的海军型和陆军型 40 毫米博福斯高炮的零部件几乎不能通用。



美军高炮部队装备的 M-1 型 40 毫米高炮

　　像英国公司一样，克莱斯勒公司也对 40 毫米博福斯高炮的结构进行了简化以便快速批量生产。对克莱斯勒公司的生产工人而言，40 毫米博福斯高炮零部件尺寸的极高精密度成为了一大考验。例如炮闩的原材料是一块 15.6 公斤重的钢块，经过 110 道加工步序后成品重量仅 4 公斤。但更为棘手的问题是，美国由于擅自仿制并对外销售 40 毫米博福斯高炮而陷入了与博福斯公司长期的纠纷之中，因而一直没有取得特许生产权。直到 1957 年，美国才和博福斯公司就此问题达成谅解，最终获得了特许生产权。

　　美国陆军将克莱斯勒公司仿制的 40 毫米博福斯高炮称为 M-1 型。M-1 型高炮大部分安装在 M2 型炮架上，少量参照英国空降部队，被安装于 M5 轻型炮架上，使其能够被美军的 CG-4 型滑翔机运载，为空降部队提供防空火力。在火控装置方面，M-1 型高炮采用了 M7 及 M7A1 型瞄准具，后期型上还增加了 M5、M5A1 及 M5A2 型预警装置。

美国海军的 40 毫米博福斯高炮

　　1942 年 7 月 1 日服役的“考夫兰” （Coghlan）号（DD-60）驱逐舰是美国海军最早装备 40 毫米博福斯高炮的一线作战舰只。美国海军的大部分巡洋舰和驱逐舰主要装备约克公司仿制的英联邦 Mk I 型双联装水冷式 40 毫米高炮。其炮架位置稍有改动，主要是装填手的位置被移至炮架后方。约克公司仿制的 Mk I 型高炮采用电力驱动，大部分安装有 Mk-14 型观瞄装置和 Mk-51 型预警装置。其中，Mk-14 型观瞄装置原本由麻省里工学院（简称 MIT）为美国海军装备的 20 毫米厄利空高炮所研制，经过简单改进后适用于 Mk I 型高炮。许多美国海军的小型快速巡逻艇和鱼雷艇则安装了约克公司仿制的英联邦 Mk III 型单管气冷式 40 毫米博福斯高炮。



海军型双联装 40 博福斯高炮

　　除了双联装外，美国海军还装备有仿制英联邦的 Mk II 型四联装 40 毫米高炮。该型高炮于 1942 年 4 月定型，同年 6 月 22 日被安装于美国海军“怀俄明”（Wyoming）号训练舰上接受了测试。美国海军对其表示满意并逐步用其淘汰原先装备的 28 毫米四联装高炮，Mk II 型四联装 40 毫米高炮就此成为美国海军舰只的标准防空武器。



美国海军“阿拉巴马”号战列舰上安装的 Mk II 型四联装 40 毫米高炮内部结构

　　在太平洋战争后期，各种型号的 40 毫米博福斯高炮被证明比 20 毫米厄利空高炮更能有效地对付日军的“神风”式自杀攻击机。由于供不应求，许多美军驱逐舰拆除了部分鱼雷发射管，临时安装上陆军使用的 M-1 型 40 毫米高炮以加强防空火力。为了防止炮手误射己方舰体，这些高炮安装有特殊的护栏。



美国海军“阿拉斯加”号巡洋舰舰上的炮手正在为 Mk II 型四联装 40 毫米高炮装弹

　　到 1945 年初，40 毫米博福斯高炮已经成为绝大部分美国海军大型战舰的标准防空武器。其中最具代表性的是“萨拉托加”（Saratoga）航母，它总共安装有 23 门四联装或双联装 40 毫米博福斯高炮，这几乎是 1940 年 3 月时整个英国皇家海军装备的 40 毫米博福斯高炮的总数。

　　美国还将仿制的舰载型 40 毫米博福斯高炮提供给英国皇家海军，其中大量被安装于租借给英国的护航航母上。1943 年 6 月，英国皇家海军“菲比”（Pheobe）号轻巡洋舰最先安装了美国仿制的 40 毫米博福斯高炮。此外，还有皇家海军的“玛丽女皇”（Queen Mary）号运兵船也安装有美国 Mk II 型四联装 40 毫米博福斯高炮。



美国海军舰艇上的四联装 40 毫米博福斯高炮正在射击中



美国海军使用 Mk2 型炮架的四联装 40 毫米博福斯高炮

尾声

　　毫无疑问，40 毫米博福斯高炮是二战中装备国家最多、使用最广泛的一种中口径高炮。瑞典博福斯公司原产、其他国家特许生产、仿制和改进的 40 毫米博福斯高炮的产量难以计数。从冰雪覆盖的欧洲东线战场到赤日炎炎的北非沙漠，从欧、亚、非洲的陆地战场到广阔的大西洋和太平洋海域，从陆军牵引式野战高炮、自行高炮到海军舰载型高炮甚至空军航炮，40 毫米博福斯高炮以各种型号同时出现在万字旗下的纳粹阵营和反法西斯的盟军阵营之中，成为二战交战双方军队最信赖的一种中口径高炮。

　　二战结束后，各种 40 毫米博福斯高炮尤其是自行高炮仍旧出现在朝鲜战争、越南战争和历次局部冲突之中，不断发挥出其可靠性好和精度高的优势，并在世界各种军队中树立了高炮 40 毫米口径牢不可破的地位。由此，40 毫米博福斯高炮弹药更是为世界各国军队所通用，经过不断改进被一直沿用至今。

english translation comeing up
Darth Sidious, please post an opinion or comment after posting an article about the article... not sure if Golly mentioned it as a rule now...

so do you guys think that the good old bofor shot down the F-117 over serbia?

english translation

In the Second World War, the opposite party weapon which seizes besides the temporary use, extremely little can appear joins battle the bilateral various countries army all officially equips the same weapon the situation. But has one exception, that is all widely uses by the ally and the axis powers and is regarded as standard anti-aircraft ordnance the Sweden 40 millimeters (1.57 inches) the abundant 福斯 L/60 anti-aircraft fire artillery (hereafter refers to as 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery). Since the 20th century 30's births, 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery on is massively exported, the special permission production, the imitation or the improvement, from this becomes in World War II uses the most widespread one kind of anti-aircraft fire artillery. The abundant 福斯 company had been established in 1894, Sweden renowned chemist Ahl Fred? 贝恩 哈德? Nobel (Alfred Bernhard Nobel) in order to strengthen the motherland the defense industry, invested 1300000 Sweden 克朗 purchases locates Wei 姆 blue province abundant 福斯 - Gull the Si nation company and changes the name it for to be abundant 福斯 (Bofors) the company, mainly made the steel and iron and the blasting explosive. Under Nobel's painstakingly plan a business enterprise, the abundant 福斯 company gradually expands, starts to produce the many kinds of weapon and to the overseas exportation, causes the abundant 福斯 this history to be allowed to trace to 17th century middle period Northern Europe small town borrows this praises to the world. To First World War period, because Sweden maintains the neutral country, enables the abundant 福斯 company conveniently to sell the weapon to war both sides, therefore as soon as leaps into in the world places the front row the weapon manufacturer. After one war has ended, is restricted in as defeated nation Germany " Versailles reaches an agreement " must not develop any new style big might antipersonnel weapon. 20th century 20's, famous Germany 克虏伯 (Krupp) the company purchased the partial abundant 福斯 company stock and changes over to some production technologies, cooperated with the abundant 福斯 company in Sweden designs and develops each kind of new style artillery. This says regarding the abundant 福斯 company, without doubt is the commendable opportunity. The Sweden designers obtained the brand-new design mentality and the precious design experience from the German designer place. But in fact, because is abundant 福斯 and 克虏伯 two companies' design idea existence significant differences, the Sweden designers continuously concentrate the light artillery development, but German designers then deviation development heavy artillery. The 30's intermediate stages, treat internationally to on gradually relax after the German development weapon limit, two companies' cooperations immediately stop. After separates from each other, the German 克虏伯 company ground generates in World War II established for the German armed force 赫赫战功 the Flak-36 88 millimeters anti-aircraft fire artillery, but the abundant 福斯 company developed the famous 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 L/60 anti-aircraft fire artillery. M32 and M34 in 1925, the abundant 福斯 company was developed the Sweden navy's request one kind of 20 millimeters (0.79 inch) the caliber entire automatic ship-borne anti-aircraft artillery, but afterwards the military discovered the small caliber anti-aircraft artillery the might was limited, thereupon then fermented the development bigger caliber anti-aircraft artillery. In 1928, the Sweden navy requested the abundant 福斯 company to design one kind of might sufficiently one round mays then to send the enemy airplanes to the deathtrap ship-borne anti-aircraft artillery, the caliber by the hypothesis is 40 millimeters. In 1932, the first 40 millimeter type artillery finished and is installed shipboard in carries on the test fire, by the naming was M32. After obtains the navy the approval, the abundant 福斯 company starts take M32 to suit the towable 40 millimeters field operations anti-aircrafts artillery again as the foundation improvement which the army equips. After two years, the type artillery finishes, uses 水冷式 the artillery tube, the actual body tube doubles the diameter ratio is 56 times, in the custom is called 60 times (namely L/60). This kind of type artillery as soon as passed through interviews arouses at that time the world various countries military's interest, was in particular beginning to set up the armored force the various countries' army. This kind of new army tractor type anti-aircraft artillery has two big merits: 1) has a stronger mobility, can follow the armored force together moves; Since 2) has replenished between the long-time light anti-aircraft artillery and the heavy anti-aircraft artillery firepower blank, its might and 射高 all surpasses 20 millimeters light anti-aircrafts artillery, the rate of fire is higher than again 76.2 millimeter above the heavy anti-aircraft artillery, can effectively cope with, the low altitude airborn target. From to was left right in turn 40 millimeter L60 anti-aircraft artillery ammunition, the L70 anti-aircraft artillery ammunition, 57 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery ammunition which produced for the abundant 福斯 company in 1934, the multitudinous overseas military mission successively arrived at Sweden carries on the inspection, they all the army tractor type anti-aircraft artillery which just developed to the abundant 福斯 company express the enormous interest, proposed the purchase intention in abundance. However, the overseas delegation used 水冷式 the artillery tube to the type artillery gives the comment. Thereupon, the abundant 福斯 company improves the use 气冷式 artillery tube in view of it the towable 40 millimeters field operations anti-aircrafts artillery, this then is 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery datum model - M34. Datum M34 the synopsis M34 40 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery have one wheeled artillery chassis, artillery and all hold control the part all install in parts to above. The opening -like structure gives the cannoneer the enormous operation space, but simultaneously also brought the protection difference shortcoming. Upside artillery is connected with the artillery body, includes 高低机, the balance machine, the aiming organization and the trunnion; Lower part the artillery frame assumes the cross, mainly includes 旋转机构, with chassis Lian Wei Yi body. Among them, the front part and behind the carriage for may receive for the box 形钢 □ cow □ about two sides carriages puts the type, the installment has may adjust highly 千斤顶, guarantees the entire chassis maintains steady and horizontal. The M34 anti-aircraft artillery artillery chassis uses the double shaft-type 4 turns of layouts, from tows the condition transfers when the fight condition needs to receive the artillery wheel, but meets when the emergency case also may in tow under the condition immediately puts the fight. The chassis through 牵引杆 with tows the vehicles connects, the car axle front part is loaded with one set of Akerman (Ackerman) the formula 转向系统. In 行军状态 under, the artillery mouth changes rear area, marches the bracket fixing by the chassis behind locks in. Lower part artillery separately is equipped with one seat cushion in the artillery two sides, 2 cannoneers sit to above operate the artillery. Among them, right flank the vice- cannoneer responsibly holds controls 旋转机构, port side the host cannoneer responsibly holds controls the height organization and steps on 脚踏板 fires the artillery. The M34 anti-aircraft artillery aiming system develops by one set of reflections types optical aiming device and the abundant 福斯 company uses in fast to trace the airborn target the simple mechanical type computer constitution. This set of aiming system can enable the cannoneer to the flying speed to achieve 563 kilometers / hours (350 miles / hours) the airborn target carries on the effective revision, thus greatly strengthened the fire precision. But it also increased the operation difficulty, the cannoneer needs to pass through the long time training only then can skilled grasp the anti-aircraft artillery the fire main point. In addition, lower part artillery also is equipped with one commander seat cushion rear area the vice- cannoneer. The commander is responsible 观测目标 and 射击效果, and orders the cannoneer to open fire. The commander issues all orders through the frontline propaganda. The M34 anti-aircraft artillery artillery partially included the artillery tube, the artillery body and 供弹 the organization. The artillery tube uses 气冷式 冷却方式, the length is 56 time of diameters ratios. Behind the artillery chest cavity is 直立 the wedge type artillery 闩, under the switch artillery 闩 movement common situation 后坐 automatically completes through the artillery, but when necessity also may by artificially complete. The first round shell must by 装填手 manually load. Locates place above the artillery chest cavity 供弹 the organization has 3 row of guide rails, each platoon can hold one 4 round shells the cartridge clips. The cartridge clip can be automatic 移除, each time only has one round shell is pressed in the artillery chest cavity. The after fire, through 后坐力 闩 opens the artillery, ejects 空弹壳, another round shell enters the artillery chest cavity, the artillery 闩 once again shuts down, starts once again by this realizes entire 自动装填 and the fire. In the fire process, the main cannoneer only must step on fires 脚踏板, 装填手 is responsible in the one side to stand the posture or the seat posture promptly loads the shell. One well-trained artillery group can complete the artillery tube in one minute the replacement work. The M34 anti-aircraft artillery theory maximum rate of fire may amount to 140 round / minutes, but because is restricted 装弹 speed, actually the maximum rate of fire only can amount to 80 round / minutes. At first, the M34 anti-aircraft artillery only provides high explodes the tracer shell one ball plants. Its warhead installment 着发引信, the weight is 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds), together with 弹壳 and installs the medicine entire sends the artillery bullet weight approximately 2.15 kilograms (4.74 pounds). Afterwards, the abundant 福斯 company again gradually was the M34 anti-aircraft artillery develops is high 爆弹, the training ammunition as well as the armor piercer and so on the new ball plants. The abundant 福斯 company very quickly in the M34 foundation, partial slightly carried on the modification to the artillery sound, produced feeds specially the exportation the M36 40 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery. Extant first batch orders the M36 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery in the museum M36 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery early time exportation and the imitation is the Polish navy, the Austrian army and the Belgian army, their purchase quantity extremely are all few. In 1935, Poland and Hungary obtained the M36 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery special permission fresh property right, started in its domestic manufacture. To 1936, the M36 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery purchase quantity started to increase, the new customer included England and the Dutch East India, they separately purchased 203 and 72. The Polish state-run ordnance factory after obtained specially permits the fresh property right makes more than 500 M36 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery, majority equipped the Polish army, had 168 exportation gives England, Romania and Holland. After Poland specially permits the production APW-36 40 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery Hungary is obtains specially permits the fresh property right makes 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery quantity most countries. Its production work mainly (is called MAVAG) by the Hungarian Ministry of Railways factory responsibly carries on, in prewar produced at least 767. The Hungarian army extremely appreciates 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery the splendid performance, but merely depends upon the maneuver cabability regarding it which 轮式车辆 tows slightly feels insufficient, thereupon entrusts to locate Budapest 甘斯 the ordnance factory is responsible in " 38m the Towle peduncle II " in the light tank chassis foundation to improve voluntarily -like 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery, from this produced " the hunter " (Nimrod) formula 40 millimeters self-propelled anti-aircrafts artillery. Hungary " the hunter " type 40 millimeters self-propelled anti-aircrafts artillery " the hunter " type 40 millimeters self-propelled anti-aircrafts artillery change from to " 38m the Towle peduncle II " the light tank, latter in fact is Hungary obtains the special permission production Sweden 兰德斯 沃克 (Landsverk) the L-62 light tank. Installed one on its chassis by inclines the armor plate constitutes opens wide the type turret, its interior held 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery artillery and the artillery body, as well as 1 commander, 2 cannoneers and 1 装填手. The artillery tube through together vertical 细槽 stretches out the turret, has enormously 射击仰角. Its biggest shortcoming lies in completely depends upon the manpower revolves the turret and the adjustment artillery tube supinely bends down, causes the artillery flexibility to receive the very big limit. In October, 1941, first " the hunter " the type self-propelled anti-aircraft artillery 样车 finished connects in parallel fashion the test, it at first designed the intention is becomes both may the air defense and be able the antitank multipurpose self-propelled artillery. But in 1942 official after service, indicates its antitank effect in the actual combat really micro, thereupon finally was treated as the special self-propelled anti-aircraft artillery. What is worth mentioning, 40 millimeters " the hunter " the type self-propelled anti-aircraft artillery is the first kind has the armor protection 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 self-propelled anti-aircraft artillery. In World War II, joined axis powers group Hungary altogether provides 262 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircrafts artillery for Nazi Germany as well as reaches 735 spare artillery tubes. Moreover, Hungary made the massive technical improvement to 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery, and most early it with the fire control radar coordination use, greatly enhanced the accuracy of fire. Raised this river in 1943 (River Tizer) in one fight, 1 provided all 25 Pe-2 bomber aircraft which the fire control radar Hungarian 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery camp the Soviet air force will send out completely shoots down. In addition, Hungary also the minority 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery reequipment will be the navigation artillery, and the installment 梅塞 will execute the dense special company to Germany Me which will produce for the Hungarian air force on the 210Ca-1 heavy twin engine fighter bomber. The Hungarian anti-aircraft artillery army and they equips 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery in 1935, the Belgian army ordered 8 M34 40 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery from the abundant 福斯 company, and started in the Belgian country ordnance factory (Fabrique Nationale, was called FN) imitates. In 1937, FN will imitate 34 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircrafts artillery sold for France, latter increased again in 1940 to FN buys 8. This batch of 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircrafts artillery use in France the capital Paris's air defense, France originally plan directly purchases to the Sweden abundant 福斯 company specially permits the fresh property right, but along with France's defeat, this plan also fails along with it. In 1936, with was the Northern Europe area Norway starts to the Sweden abundant 福斯 company to order 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery, and started in 1940 to obtain specially permits the fresh property right. Afterwards, Norway then is soon seized by Nazi Germany, its production 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery completely fell together with the production line hand the German armed force. Nazi Germany's Flak-28 (Bofors) 40 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery Nazis Germany certainly does not have the too big interest before World War II to 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery, the majority of German armed force military officer arrogantly thinks the Flak-36 88 millimeters heavy anti-aircrafts artillery and the Flak-38 20 millimeters light anti-aircrafts artillery constitute the anti-aircraft firepower combination already approached perfectly. But 德国空军 center have the very big firepower blank some brains sobriety understanding to this kind of combination, but most suits uses for to make up this kind of blank is 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery. On March 12th, 1938, Austria and Germany merged. Before this, Austria has obtained the M36 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery special permission fresh property right from the abundant 福斯 company. When merge, Austria just produced 24, had 26 in addition approaches finishes the condition. After merge, although 德国空军 the hope can completely produce the surplus 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery equips the German armed force air defense force, but the German army actually insists on must the ground field operation artillery which produces using the Austrian all ordnance factories army needs. Until May 1st, 1939, in 德国空军 Marshal Herrmann? Under Grimm's personal inquiry, the Austrian partial ordnance factory only then re- starts for 德国空军 to produce 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery, the German armed force changes name it is Flak-28 (Bofors) 40 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery. Compares with the M34 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery, Flak-28 (Bofors) the only modification lay in installs the German elder brother is kind the sights which (Goerz) the company made. German Flak-28 (Bofors) 40 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery to July, 1940, invaded along with the majority of Western Europe country for the Nazi Germany armed force, these national 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery special permission produced the factory also completely fall hand the German armed force. But, only has Norwegian Kang the Si fort (Kongsberg) the ordnance factory throughout in specially produces 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery for the German armed force, other factories are all produced by the German armed force request other artillery. In October 1st, 1942 " 德国空军 equipment report " center, recorded the German armed force air defense force equips has 340 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircrafts artillery. When to June, 1944, Kang the Si fort ordnance factory for 德国空军 newly made 94 again and services 234. The German navy also massively used 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery. To July 1st, 1941 up to, German naval armament 247 Flak-28 (Bofors) 40 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery, they widely was installed in the coastal air defense artillery and each kind of auxiliary vessel on only. On December 1st, 1942, the German navy increased buys 800 Flak-28 (Bofors) 40 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery, but at that time Norwegian and Hungary's production factory achieved with difficulty so the high output, to July, 1944 up to, only finished 578. This batch of anti-aircraft artillery became the German armed force naval vessel standard anti-aircraft ordnance. The about 60 later periods Germany armed force high speed torpedo ship (is called S very) takes it the host artillery, many German armed force large-scale battleship for instance " European root crown prince " heavy cruiser, also used Flak-28 (Bofors) 40 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery to replace the original 37 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery in abundance. The German armed force " European root crown prince " on the heavy cruiser installs Flak-28 (Bofors) 40 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery Soviet Union's M1939 37 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery our country 55 types in 37 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery Korean War, our country once purchased the massive M1939 anti-aircraft artillery from Soviet Union. Its is facile, the nimble characteristic is displayed by the Chinese People's Volunteers anti-aircraft artillery army 极致. The volunteer troops directly loads it to on the transportation strategic resources train, effectively resisted the United States military fighter bomber air raid. Ever had one volunteer troops anti-aircraft artillery class successively shoots down 10 enemy airplanes with one M1939 anti-aircraft artillery, two gloriously set up the collective three and so on the meritorious. The volunteer troops shot down 10 enemy airplanes Soviet Made M1939 types in the Korean War 37 millimeters anti-aircraft fire artillery in 1955, our country imitates in the M1939 foundation generates 55 types 37 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery, after it was the first kind of domestically produced anti-aircraft fire artillery which the liberation new China equipped, one 直列 was installed by my armed force to 20th century 80's, afterwards gradually was 62 types and 88 types 37 millimeter double joint anti-aircrafts artillery substitutes. Although the Soviet purchase or makes 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery after the special permission, but Soviet troops (1.46 inches) the anti-aircraft artillery actually has the blood relationship relations in the World War II period widespread use M1939 37 millimeters with 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery which extremely is intimate with. The abundant 福斯 company M34 40 millimeters anti-aircraft fire artillery as soon as passed through the birth, Soviet Union on reduce the caliber take it as the template trial produce one small batch of 25 millimeters (0.98 inch) the anti-aircraft artillery, they once appeared in inside the war of national defense initial period minority fight. In 1939, after obtained 25 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery the trial manufacturing experiences, Soviet Union enlarged again its caliber to 37 millimeters, and goes into production to the same year, the stereotypia was the M1939 37 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery. 1939 37 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery compare abundant 福斯 M34, Soviet Union's M1939 artillery body structure completely is nearly same with it, only is the spare part manufacture craft is much rougher, and changed to the simple artillery chassis and the sights. Moreover, the partial M1939 anti-aircraft artillery also installs has guards against the shield. Although its caliber reduces causes the ammunition might to drop, but at the same time also greatly enhanced the rate of fire. The actual combat indicates worked the rough M1939 anti-aircraft artillery extremely is suitable for at that time Soviet Union's national condition, it " cheated on labor and materials " causes the production cost greatly to reduce, was extremely advantageous to in the wartime batch fast production. The British Commonwealth of Nations army's 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery 20th century 30's intermediate stage, the English army starts to seek one kind can effectively cope with the low altitude high speed flying target the anti-aircraft ordnance. The initial choice object is one kind by the English 维克斯 company the ship-borne 2 pounds anti-aircraft fire artillery which develops for the royal navy. However, its volume and weight oversized, mobile range, basic ill used to at that time already the high mechanized English army. The English army concentrated on the Sweden abundant 福斯 M34 40 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery along with soon the attention, they were strong, the rate of fire to its mobility are quick and the precision high merit greatly are the appreciations. In April, 1937, the English army officially ordered 100 M34 40 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery to the Sweden abundant 福斯 company. In order to satisfy the entire British Commonwealth of Nations army the demand, the English army again to 1938 years to the Sweden abundant 福斯 company, the Hungarian Ministry of Railways factory and the Polish state-run ordnance factory ordered it originally produces or the special permission production 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery, amounted to 300. These anti-aircrafts artillery not only greatly receive in the British Commonwealth of Nations army welcome, moreover also received royal navy's favour, they by any means possible did 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery from the army, used in to replace the original 维克斯 2 pounds ship-borne anti-aircrafts artillery. At the beginning of 1939, came from the army and navy's huge demand quantity causes England and other British Commonwealth of Nations purchases in abundance to the Sweden abundant 福斯 company specially permits the fresh property right. Is responsible to produce mainly has 3 manufacturers, separately is: Locates English 考文垂 neighbor the promise non- your Germany (Nuffield) the company, locates in the neighborhood of the Canadian Hamilton's many 明尼 Ya bridge (Dominion Bridge) the company as well as locates in the neighborhood of Melbourne the Australian ordnance factory. Same year in June, promised the non- your Germany company finishes first 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery which made by the British Commonwealth of Nations. In order to reduce the production man-hour, England's 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery used the simplification Mk II artillery frame. Compares with the Sweden M34 anti-aircraft artillery, the Mk II artillery main difference lay in massively uses 管状 the support, removes 平衡机构 and the fast tracing goal mechanical type computer. In addition, Mk II artillery also installed guards against the shield. On April 11th, 1941, the Canadian many 明尼 Ya bridge company production workshop worker was processing 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery England which 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery the spare part England armed force airborne unit equipped is the Mk II artillery frame reduces the weight and the improvement for specially equips the airborne unit Mk IV. The Mk IV artillery frame has 4 carriages, can fast take down together with the artillery body together loads into England " 哈米尔 the card " (Hamilcar) the formula heavy 滑翔机, accompanies airborne 滑翔机 机降部队 together. The English armed force airborne unit equips the weight lightest abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery artillery frame is one kind the nickname which makes by Canada is " the short foot chicken " (Bantam) 双轮 artillery frame. It only has 3 carriages, can by 1 USA " 威利 " (Willy) the jeep 拖运 or by 1 Douglas the C-47 transport aircraft aerial transport. The British Commonwealth of Nations makes 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery all uses the electric drive, thus generally all carries has the necessary electric power facility. Compares with Sweden abundant 福斯 M34, the British Commonwealth of Nations makes 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery remoew the original mechanical type computer, displaced by one set of England " 凯瑞 the woods " (Kerrison) the electronic - mechanical mixed type fire control system. The firer only must establish the firing distance, the goal speed and the angle of fire before the launch, this system then can automatically complete to the airborn target aiming and the track, and unceasingly makes the revision. From 1943, 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery which British Commonwealth of Nations army equipped also installs England " Si is wonderful " (stookey) automatically revises the sights. The English royal navy's ship-borne 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery England royal navy also widely used 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery in World War II, and successively improved 5 kind of 气冷式 models and 2 kind of 水冷式 models. Among them, 水冷式 the model mainly by locates Nottingham (Nottingham) the imperial ordnance factory is responsible to make. Royal navy's ship-borne 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery in fact is the British Commonwealth of Nations army's simplification version, removed the wheeled artillery chassis, direct installment above naval vessel. On the usual small naval vessel depends upon the manpower changes supinely bends down with the adjustment artillery, on the large-scale battleship uses the electric drive. The Royal Australian Navy " Sydney " 巡洋 the shipboard 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery is being fired in each kind of model abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery which the royal navy equips, the Mk IV double joint attire 40 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery mayed be called at that time in the world the most advanced ship-borne anti-aircraft artillery. It at first " the sea 斯梅尔 " (Hazemeyer) the sub- company completes the design by Simens company subordinate's Holland before World War II, take the Sweden abundant 福斯 M32 ship-borne anti-aircraft artillery as the foundation, increased includes the radar in the inside complete set fire control system, at that time was belonging to the in advance design. In 1940, soon seized in Holland for the German armed force front, only 11 " the sea 斯梅尔 " the company trial produced the type artillery was installed on one Dutch navy minesweeper, together drove England together with the design paper. England puts it the production and the naming is the Mk IV double joint attire 40 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery. Take it as the foundation, England improves the structure simpler Mk V double joint attire 40 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery again. Latter both may use own fire-control system, and may fire-control-equipped hold by the RP50 remote control controls. England Mk IV 40 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery which " 斯梅尔 in the anti-aircraft artillery foundation imitates in the sea " because the ship-borne 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery falls short of demand, the royal navy once installed one batch of armies 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery in transports on the merchantman takes the anti-aircraft ordnance. Moreover, before the ship-borne 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery official stereotypia, " Crown Prince Wales " 战列 shipboard also installs the army 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery. In addition, the royal navy also equips some special improvement models 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircrafts artillery, what structure is most complex is one kind of stable range finder (abbreviation " STAAG") the anti-aircraft artillery. This kind of anti-aircraft artillery included 262 radars, the automatic goal interceptions installment, 预警装置, 雷达追踪 the installment, the stabilization unit, the distance gauge as well as the emergency generator. In addition its installment has the again design guards against the shield and the hydraulic pressure actuation system, causes the entire gate artillery production cost, the weight and the structure complex degree all large scale climbs. STAAG is strange as a result of the contour 水手们 is played by the royal navy is called " the multangular strange beast ". The structure extremely complex " STAAG " 40 millimeters anti-aircrafts artillery compare under, the Mk VII double joint attire 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery then is much more exquisite, extremely suits to installs in the fast patrol very with the minesweeper and so on small naval vessel on. Canada makes Mk in particular VII, borrowed the double joint attire 20 millimeter Erleigh spatial ship-borne anti-aircraft artillery artillery place, the volume is extremely narrow and small, thus only could hold the cannoneer, 装填手 and the commander 3 people, matched has the hydraulic pressure holds controls the system, this model only equipped imperial Canada sea warship. British Commonwealth of Nations's 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 self-propelled anti-aircraft artillery British Commonwealth of Nations mainly produces two kinds of 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 self-propelled anti-aircrafts artillery. Most first day plants the model is by promises the non- your Germany company Mk which designs for the English national territory defense army I " Morris " (Morris) formula 40 millimeters self-propelled anti-aircrafts artillery, it the type artillery tows the tractor take " Morris " as the chassis. This self-propelled anti-aircraft artillery brought to the English armed force military officers attention in one fire demonstration, it put the fight general the reaction time by far short to tows the model. Promises this kind of self-propelled anti-aircraft artillery which the non- your Germany company improves by the stereotypia is the Mk I 40 millimeters " Morris " the type self-propelled anti-aircraft artillery. Its vehicle crew crew member by 1 pilot, 1 vehicle commander and 2 cannoneers is composed, may carry 120 round ammunition. Artillery basically 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery which makes with the British Commonwealth of Nations same, only was slightly replaces the parts. Moreover, besides meets the emergency case, in order to achieve 精确射击 the effect, " Morris " the type self-propelled anti-aircraft artillery still needed to lay down 4 圆锥形 carriages before the fire. " Morris " the type self-propelled anti-aircraft artillery landed in Norman front equips the British Commonwealth of Nations army and shows the skill in the west line battlefield. But its weakness also is completely unmasked, because directly used 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircraft artillery original artillery frame, its any armor protection. Thereupon, in at the beginning of 1944, 1 English armed force suffered injury " the crusade " (Crusader) the Mk III tank chassis is installed opens wide the type turret and 1 40 millimeter abundant 福斯 anti-aircrafts artillery, became " the crusade " I self-propelled anti-aircraft artillery (English armed force custom is called " 防空坦克"). " The crusade " I 防空坦克 was loaded with the turret which one crown opened wide and provides one set of automatic feed mechanisms, waste abandoned 弹壳 directly ejected the turret from the front. The vehicle crew crew member by 1 pilot, 1 vehicle commander and 2 cannoneers is composed. " The hunter " type 40 millimeters self-propelled anti-aircrafts artillery compare with Hungary, " the crusade " I uses the electric drive turret revolves with the artillery tube supinely bends down, thus is extremely nimble. However, " the crusade " I armor protection still not could satisfy the English armed force the request, thus not put the quantity produces. But in its foundation, England improves the installment has all seals up the turret and volume smaller pair of association 20 millimeter Switzerland Erleigh is spatial (Oerlikon) the anti-aircraft artillery " the crusade " II and III 防空坦克. They the later period equipped the English armed force and the free Poland's mechanized forces in World War II, became its most effective anti-aircraft ordnance

Here is an account of how the F-117 was shot down. The airdefence commander was a very good soldier. It proves to show that a well handled equipment can over come some of its limitations. He also shown some ingenuity as well.

Major points.

1.) Used foot messangers and land lines so messages cannot be intercepted by US ELINT aircraft
2.) Constant movement of radars and missiles (logged over 100,000 miles in 78 days).
3.) Spies and human observers supplement the use of radars.
4.) Classified manupulations on the radar.
5.) Using only short range shots so the target do not have time to jam or evade and minimizes the time your radar is turned on. The F-117 was shot down at a range of 13 miles away.
6.) Luck, NATO commanders underestimated him by using the same routes every day.

Note: This guy never lost a single radar site to a HARM missile. He was credited for down both NATO aircraft that got shot down. All I can say is he is a very good and competant commander. Technology can only take you so far...you need to have the right tactics and training as well




November 21, 2005: The Serbian battery commander, whose missiles downed an American F-16, and, most impressively, an F-117, in 1999, has retired, as a colonel, and revealed many of the techniques he used to achieve all this. Colonel Dani Zoltan, in 1999, commanded the 3rd battery of the 250th Missile Brigade. He had search and control radars, as well as a TV tracking unit. The battery had four quad launchers for the 21 foot long, 880 pound SA-3 missiles. The SA-3 entered service in 1961 and, while it had undergone some upgrades, was considered a minor threat to NATO aircraft. Zoltan was an example of how an imaginative and energetic leader can make a big difference. While Zoltan’s peers and superiors were pretty demoralized with the electronic countermeasures NATO (especially American) aircraft used to support their bombing missions, he believed he could still turn his ancient missiles into lethal weapons. The list of measures he took, and the results he got, should be warning to any who believe that superior technology alone will provide a decisive edge in combat. People still make a big difference. In addition to shooting down two aircraft, Zoltan’s battery caused dozens of others to abort their bombing missions to escape his unexpectedly accurate missiles. This is how he did it.

--- Zoltan had about 200 troops under his command. He got to know them well, trained hard and made sure everyone could do what was expected of them. This level of quality leadership was essential, for Zoltan's achievements were a group effort.

--- Zoltan used a lot of effective techniques that American air defense experts expected, but did not expect to encounter because of poor leadership by the enemy. For example, Zoltan knew that his major foe was HARM (anti-radar) missiles and electronic detection systems used by the Americans, as well as smart bombs from aircraft who had spotted him. To get around this, he used landlines for all his communications (no cell phones or radio). This was more of a hassle, often requiring him to use messengers on foot or in cars. But it meant the American intel people overhead were never sure where he was.

--- His radars and missile launchers were moved frequently, meaning that some of his people were always busy looking for new sites to set up in, or setting up or taking down the equipment. His battery traveled over 100,000 kilometers during the 78 day NATO bombing campaign, just to avoid getting hit. They did, and his troops knew all that effort was worth the effort.

--- The Serbs had spies outside the Italian airbase most of the bombers operated from. When the bombers took off, the information on what aircraft they, and how many, quickly made it to Zoltan and the other battery commanders.

--- Zoltan studied all the information he could get on American stealth technology, and the F-117. There was a lot of unclassified data, and speculation, out there. He developed some ideas on how to beat stealth, based on the fact that the technology didn’t make the F-117 invisible to radar, just very to get, and keep, a good idea of exactly where the aircraft was. Zoltan figured out how to tweak his radars to get a better lock on stealth type targets. This has not been discussed openly.

--- The Serbs also set up a system of human observers, who would report on sightings of bombers entering Serbia, and track their progress.

--- The spies and observers enabled Zoltan to keep his radars on for a minimal amount of time. This made it difficult for the American SEAD (Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses) to use their HARM missiles (that homed in on radar transmissions.) Zoltan never lost a radar to a HARM missile.

--- Zoltan used the human spotters and brief use of radar, with short range shots at American bombers. The SA-3 was guided from the ground, so you had to use surprise to get an accurate shot in before the target used jamming and evasive maneuvers to make the missile miss. The F-117 he shot down was only 13 kilometers away.

Zoltan got some help from his enemies. The NATO commanders often sent their bombers in along the same routes, and didn’t make a big effort to find out if hotshots like Zoltan were down there, and do something about it. Never underestimate your enemy.