actually the Indians do have a ship launched ballistic missile in the form of Prithvi III. But that's a rather special case. In general you don't put such a important strategic weapon, which depends on surprise, on a platform so easily trackable
The US Navy ship launched Tomahawk cruise missiles can also carry nuclear warheads.
I`ve already said that nuclear warheads can be carried on cruise missiles, torpedoes and depth charges. Its just ballistic missiles that are not viable on ships.
actually during the gold war, the last of the famous condottieri type class ligth whasington cruiser of the Italian navy, Guizeppe Garribaldi had six polaris missile tubes during the post war rebuild along with Terrier SAM....
the concept wasent actually feasible, as any strategic weapon platform is number one in priority list for the opponent forces and Surface ships, expecially large capital units were just too "easy" prey on then modern enverioment....Sub marines offer way too better change to survive and disguise...
While the Tomahawks are capable of it, and US Navy vessels can launch them, and had them aboard numerous surface vessels through the 1980s and into the 1990s...in the 1990s all nuclear armed Tomahawk cruise missiles were withdrawn from U.S. Naval service and placed in storage.The US Navy ship launched Tomahawk cruise missiles can also carry nuclear warheads.